General Terms/Concepts

Flashcards covering basic principles of kinesiology and gait for exam review.

Kinematics

Branch of biomechanics that describes the motion of the body without regard to the forces that produce the motion.

Translation

When all parts of a “body” move in the same direction as every other part. (Straight line)

Rotation

Describes the arc of movement of a “body” about an axis of rotation. (Around a pivot point)

Origin

The PROXIMAL attachment of a muscle or ligament

Insertion

The DISTAL attachment of a muscle or ligament

Prone

Describes the position of an individual lying face down

Supine

Describes the position of an individual lying face up

Axis of Rotation

The pivot point about which joint motion occurs (always PERPENDICULAR to the plane of motion).

Degrees of Freedom

The numbers of planes of motion allowed in a joint.

Osteokinematics

The path of moving bones

Open-chain motion

Movement of distal segment of bone about a relatively fixed proximal segment

Closed-chain motion

Movement of a proximal segment of bone about a relatively fixed, or stationary, distal segment

Arthrokinematics

Movement that occurs between articular surfaces of joints (roll, slide and spin)

ConVEX on concave

roll/slide in OPPOSITE direction

ConCAVE on convex

roll/slide in SAME direction

Kinetics

Branch of mechanics that describes the effect of forces on the body.

Torque

The rotational equivalent of force. Amount generated depends on: amount of force exerted, distance between the force and the axis of rotation

Line of Pull

The direction of muscular force, typically described as a vector (direction and magnitude of force included)

Anterior-posterior axis

lateral/medial line of pull (LOP)

ex: abduction (lateral LOP), adduction (medial LOP)

Medial-lateral axis

anterior/posterior line of pull (LOP)

ex: elbow flexion (anterior LOP), elbow extension (posterior LOP)

Resultant Force

The result of combining individual force vectors

Gait Cycle Percentages

40% swing

60% stance

STANDING MOST OF CYCLE

Gait Cycle Order

Heel Contact – Foot Flat – Mid Stance – Heel Off / Toe Off – Early Swing – Mid Swing – Late Swing - Heel Contact

Passive ROM

Active ROM

Intra-articular

Extra-articular

Pronation

Dynamic movement of the foot that includes dorsiflexion, reversion, and abduction

Supination

Hands: the act of turning the palms of the hands upward (“holding a bowl of soup”).

Ankles: a combination of inversion, adduction, and plantarflexion

Bone is what kind of tissue?

Dynamic. Constantly being remodeled in response to internal and external forces.

Will become stronger from forces caused by weight-bearing activities and muscular contractions, or significantly weaker after joint immobilizations.