Unit 2 - Periodic Table and Elements test

Unit 2: Periodic Table & Elements

Hydrogen

H, gas, non-metal

Helium

He, gas, non-metal

Lithium

Li

Carbon

C

Nitrogen

N

Oxygen

O

Fluorine

F

Neon

Ne

Sodium

Na

Magnesium

Mg

Aluminum

Al

Silicon

Si

Phosphorus

P

Sulfur

S

Chlorine

Cl

Potassium

K

Calcium

Ca

Iron

Fe

Nickel

Ni

Copper

Cu

Zinc

Zn

Bromine

Br

Silver

Ag

Iodine

I

Cesium

Cs

Barium

Ba

Lead

Pb

Column 1, minus hydrogen

Alkali Metals

Column 2

Alkaline Earth Metals

Column 17

Halogens

Column 18

Noble Gases

Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium

Metalloids

Hydrogen facts

Most abundant element in the universe
Flammable
Colorless, odorless, tasteless
Lightest gas

Sulfur facts

Yellow non-metal
Used in gunpowder, fireworks, matches and drugs

Cesium facts

Most reactive metal
Alkali metal: soft, reacts with water and air

Neon facts

Un-reactive gas
Glows reddish orange when electrified (advertising signs)

Chlorine facts

Halogen: Greenish-yellow poisonous gas
Used as a chemical weapon in WW1

Effective Nuclear Charge

Strength of the nucleus, Zeff, equal to number of protons-core electrons or the number of valence electrons. Increases by one going across a period. Does not change going down a group.

cation

A positively charged ion

anion

A negatively charged ion

Shielding Effect

the reduction of the attractive force between a nucleus and its outer electrons due to the blocking effect of inner electrons. Increases a you go down a group (more energy levels). Stays the same as you go across a period.

Force of Attraction

A force that pulls objects together, stickiness, glue. Between protons and electrons in an atom (oppositely charged particles).

Ionization Energy (Definition)

The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom

1st Ionization Energy

energy needed to remove the first outermost electron from an atom

2nd Ionization Energy

Energy needed to remove the second outermost electron from an atom

3rd Ionization Energy

Energy required to remove the third outermost electron from an atom

Successive Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove electrons beyond the 1st electron.

Atomic Radius (Definition)

One-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together

Trend for Atomic Radius

- increases going down a group due to the increase in shielding and decrease in FOA. - decreases from left to right due to the increase in effective nuclear charge and decrease in FOA. - Francium has largest atomic radius

Trend for Ionization Energy

-decreases going down a group due to the increase in shielding and decrease in FOA. -increases from left to right due to the increase in effective nuclear charge and decrease in FOA. -Fluorine has the largest ionization energy.

Father of the Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev

Periodic Law

when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties.

Ionic Radius

Size of an ion

Metals

Big fat losers! These elements have a large atomic radius and small ionization energy. They lost electrons to form cations.

Nonmetals

Little skinny gainers! These elements have a small atomic radius and large ionization energy. They gain electrons to form anions.

Size of cations compared to their metal atom

Cations are smaller in size compared to their atom since the atom lost an energy level to form the ion. Ex. Na+ ions < Na Atoms

Size of anions compared to their nonmetal atom

Anions are larger in size compared to their atom since the atom gained electrons to form the ion and there is more electron-electron repulsion. Ex. Cl- ions > Chlorine Atoms

Based on their locations on the periodic table, bromine (z=35) would be chemically similar to:

chlorine (z=17)

Buckyball

superconductor, uncharged

Used for condensation experiments

Diamond

Thermal conductor, Dense, can’t conduct electricity

Jewelry, cars, makeup

Graphite

Electrical, Thermal

Pencils, Polishes

Graphene

Conductor, Flexible, Hard

Chicken wire, Solar panels, Cell phones