Cellular respiration............ok..?

ok so im gonna get 100%.

enzyme (protein level & definition/use)

tertiary protein level; is an organic catalyst and lowers activation energy of chemical reactions

denaturation

an enzyme loses its physical when its bonds break, and it can no longer bond with its corresponding substrate (it loses its function)

enzyme specifity

each unique chemical reaction has its own enzyme, and it has to physically fit into the active site of the enzyme in order for the enzyme to work

lock and key theory

only one substrate can fit into an enzyme’s active site and cause a chemical reaction

Induced fit model

the enzyme changes form slightly to lock the substrate in the active site before the chemical reaction occurs, and reverses the shift, releasing it after the reaction

optimal temperature for enzymes to work

40 degrees celsius

what happens when temp is over/under 40 degrees?

over: enzymes start to denature, lowering the reaction rate until the reaction completely stops

under: the molecules have less energy and therefore less collisions occur between the substrate and enzymes, lowering the reaction rate

enzymes and their relationship w pH

each enzyme has its unique optimal pH, and denatures if it is not at that pH

point of saturation

when the amount of substrate increases, at one point the rate of reaction will remain the same as all the enzymes are constantly bonding with a substrate; the enzymes are saturated and the rate of reaction won’t increase unless more enzymes are added

enzyme concentration

if you hate a set amount of enzymes, the reaction rate will increase the more enzymes you add until they use up all the substrate, ending the reaction very quickly

heavy metals

heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, or lead can denature enzymes

coenzyme traits

non-protein organic molecule that is composed of vitamins → does not denature

coenzyme functions

used as a helped molecule in a reaction, carrying smaller molecules to the next reaction so it does not get lost

competitive inhibitors

are bad and not supposed to be in the body!!!!

irreversible inhibitors

permanently blocks the enzyme and there is no chemical reaction

reversible inhibitor

inhibitor bonds with enzyme and creates a reaction, producing a product (the PRODUCT of the reaction is poisonous, not the inhibitor)

non competitive inhibitor 

naturally occurring, inhibitor attaches to enzyme at a site other than active site, causing the enzyme to denature (allosteric interaction) → shuts down metabolic pathways in the body

equation for photosynthesis

2CO2+2H2O+light energy → C6H12O6+6O2

light reaction equation

light energy + water → NADPH+ATP

Non cyclic phosphorolation creates:

NADPH and ATP

Cyclic phosphorolation creates:

ATP only

photolysis does what….!

splits an H2O atom for its electrons 

chemiosmosis does what

produces ATP as the ATP synthase spins and adds energy into the ADP bonds

calvin cycle three stages

1. carbon fixation

2. reduction

3. regeneration of RuBP

Calvin cycle equation

CO2+NADPH+ATP+RuBP → RuBP+G3P+ADP+NADP

what happens in carbon fixation

RuBP attaches to CO2 through an enzyme called rubisco

what happens in reduction

energy transfer: ATP and NADPH unload energy onto the 3-carbon molecs → G3P

what happens in regeneration of RuBP

1 G3P leaves cycle, the other 5 are used to regenerate 1 molecule of RuBP for the next cycle

how many molecules of G3P are used to turn into glucose?

2

C-3 plant

typical plants → stomata is open most of the time and can easily do light reaction and the calvin cycle in the mesophyll cells (cannot store CO2)

C4 plants

live in hot, dry environments → stomata is not opened all day, so CO2 can be stored as a 4 carbon organic compound to be used later (the calvin cycle occurs in the bundle sheath cells so the C-4 compound can release stored CO2) → spatial separation

CAM plants

live in hot, dry environments → stomata opens and carbon fixation occurs at night and the resulting organic acids are stored in the mesophyll cells → the calvin cycle occurs during the day (temporal separation: calvin cycle and carbon fixation occur at diff times of day but both in the mesophyll cells)

when does photorespiration occur

when plants close their stomata, they cannot release oxygen nor replace used CO2

why is photorespiration bad?

oxygen is a better competitor for RuBP and will attach to the RuBP, leaving no space for CO2 → less glucose is produced as carbon fixation cannot occur

substrate level phosphorylation

ATP directly produced from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

oxidative phosphorylation 

indirect energy conversion from coenzymes into ATP