6070- 2nd half of immunity

antibodies that have different classes can help identify acute vs chronic conditions. 

what would a newly infected disease have, antibody-wise?

what would a chronic disease have, antibody wise?

IgM

IgG

what are the 2 immature types of antibodies?

what are the older types?

IgM and IgD

IgG, IgE, and IgA

what are the secondary lymphoid tissues? x 3

spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (tonsils)

where does the class switching take place?

what enzyme does it use?

heavy chain constant region

recombinase

the variable regions of the antibodies normally _____ ____ _____,

but also could have a spontaneous mutation called an _____ _______.

stay the same

affinity maturation

what could affinitiy maturations of antibodies tell us about the length of time this person has had this illness?

could tell us if this is an acute vs chronic condition

what is immunity?

what is this provided by primarily?

state of resistance against infection

adequate levels of circulating antibodies

what is an antibody titer?

what does a high antibody titer mean?

blood test that measures specific serum antibody concentrations;

immunity

how can immunity be acheived?

actively or passively

what is passive immunity?

transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigen from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or nonimmunized individual

what is passive immunity used for ?

B-cell immunodeficiencies

after exposure of indiv.  w high susceptibility to a disease w/o adequate time for active immunization

what does an antibody injection do?

1. alleviate or suppress effects of antigenic toxin

2. provides immediate but temporary protection

what are the 3 types of passive immunities ?

1. mother to fetus: IgG can cross placenta

2. mother to infant: IgA from breast milk

3. serotherapy: direct injection of antibodies (human or animal)

what is active immunity?

the body in a protected state because of active infection or immunization

what does active immunity require?

memory b cells

what are the timelines looking like for the primary stimulus?

secondary stimulus to immune response?

primary takes much longer to develop and declines rapidly

much quicker and greater antibody response acheived

vaccines that have altered microorganisms or toxins dont have what?

and don’t do what?

pathogenic properties

don’t cause harm to the host

vaccines that contain live or attenuated agents

have live parts of the virus within them

what are the types of alterations to immune response?

1. excessive immune response

2. deficient immune response

what are the types of excessive immune response?

1. autoimmunity

   1. hypersensitivity

t cells that are able to react with self tissue are thought to be what?

destroyed or permanently inactivated during development in the thymus

what is autoimmunity?

immune system recognizing its own cells as foreign and mounts an immune response that injures self tissues

breakdown of self-tolerance

what is the antigenic mimicry thoery of autoimmunity?

self/foreign antigens made of same materials, so small alterations in self tissue lead to attack

what is the release of sequestered antigens theory of autoimmunity?

self antigens not in direct contact with lymphocytes during fetal development

what are the T cell theories of autoimmunity? x 3 components

• thymus gland defect,

• decreased suppressor T-cell function,

• altered T helper cell function

what is the b-cell theory of autoimmunity? x 2 components

• b cells lose their responsiveness to suppressor T-cell signals

• overactivation of b cells

what is the mast cell theory of autoimmunity?

cytokines are released causing activation of other cells