Bio 101 Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function

who coined the term cell?

Robert Hooke

who invented the first light microscope?

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

what is the first rule of the cell theory?

All living things are made of cells

what is the second rule of the cell theory?

Cells are the basic units life

what is the third rule of the cell theory?

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Transmission electron microscopes view

thin sections

Scanning electron microscopes view

external surface

What unit measures cells?

micrometers

Prokaryotic cell size

1-10 um

Eukaryotic cell size

10-100 um

eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

cytoplasm

fluid

cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer that controls movement

what are prokaryotic cell walls made of?

peptidoglycan

capsule prokaryote

jelly coating of prokaryotes

pili prokaryote

capsule hair like extensions

ribosomes

structures for protein synthesis

flagella prokaryote

tails for movement

Cell Wall function

protection and structure

algae and plant cell wall

cellulose

slime mold and fungi cell wall

chitin

Cell Wall location

all except protozoans and animals

Lack cell walls

protozoans and animal cells

Cell Membrane location

all

Cell Membrane function

controls what enters and leaves the cell and surface for chemical reactions

are cell membranes thin or thick?

thin (7.5-10 nm)

what is the cell membrane usually described as?

phospholipid bilayer

Phospholipids

separates cytoplasm from fluid

what are the components of a cell membrane

phospholipids, integral, peripheral, carbs, cholesterol

Integral proteins function

transport

Peripheral proteins function

receive chemical signals

Carbohydrates function

attachment to cells and surfaces

Cholesterol function

holds together cell membrane

Nucleus function

control center with chromatin (holds dna)

Nucleoplasm

fluid in nucleus

Nuclear envelope

double membrane covering nucleus

Nucleolus location

inside nucleus

Nucleolus function

produces ribosomes

Where are the nucleus and nucleolus found?

eukaryotes

Cytoplasm

fluid

Cytoskeleton

protein matrix in cytoplasm

Where are cytoplasm and cytoskeletons found?

all cells

what are the 4 major cytoskeleton proteins?

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate fibers, microtrabeculae

what are microtubules made of? (cytoskeleton)

hollow protein tubulin

microtubules function (cytoskeleton)

separate dna in cell division

what are microfilaments made of? (cytoskeleton)

thin protein actin

microfilaments function (cytoskeleton)

moving things through cytoplasm

what are intermediate fibers made of? (cytoskeleton)

rope protein keratin

intermediate fibers function (cytoskeleton)

protect against trauma

microtrabeculae function (cytoskeleton)

anchors structures in cytoplasm

vacuole function

membrane bound sac for storage

do vacuoles take up more space in animal or plant cells?

plant

types of vacuoles

contractile, fat, central

contractile vacuole location

protozoans

contractile vacuole function

stores and expels water

fat vacuole function

stores triglycerides

fat vacuole location

animal

central vacuole location

plant

central vacuole function

stores water and starch

Mitochondrion function

cellular respiration

cellular respiration

converts glucose to ATP

mitochondria location

eukaryotes

mitochondrion structure

envelope and matrix

what makes up the mitochondrial envelope?

outer and inner membrane

matrix

fluid in mitochondrion

cristae

folds of mitochondrion inner membrane

chloroplast function

Site of photosynthesis

photosynthesis

converts light into glucose

chloroplast structure

envelope, stroma, thykaloid, granum

stroma chloroplast

energy rich fluid

thykaloid disks

covered in light trapping pigments

granum

stack of thykaloid disks

ribosomes location

all

ribosome function

builds proteins

what is the tiniest cell structure?

ribosome

ribosome structure

small and large subunit

free ribosomes

attached to cytoskeleton proteins

bound ribosomes

attached to rough ER or nuclear envelope

what is threaded between ribosome units?

RNA, builds proteins

Lysosomes

membrane bound sacs of hydrolytic enzymes

Lysosome location

animal like

what is the first function of lysosomes?

digests food and waste

what is the second function of lysosomes?

breaks down damaged structure

what is the third function of lysosomes?

destroys foreign objects

Peroxisomes

membrane bound sacs of catalytic enzymes

Peroxisome location

eukaryotes

Peroxisome function

breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

Endoplasmic Reticulum

system of channels with compartments that form vesicles

Smooth ER has ribosomes?

no

Rough ER has ribosomes?

yes

Rough ER function

process and package protein

Smooth ER function 1

lipid synthesis

Smooth ER function 2

stores calcium

Smooth ER function 3

detoxification

Golgi apparatus title

distribution center

Golgi apparatus structure

membrane bound flattened sacs

Golgi apparatus function

receives vesicle's from ER and transports them

what can the golgi apparatus form?

lysosomes and peroxisomes

Cilia and Flagella

extensions that allow the cell or fluids to move on cell surface