Final Final MPC

MR 1.0(e)

Confidentiality / Conflict — Client agrees after the lawyer explains material risks and reasonably available alternatives; important for confidentiality waivers, conflict waivers, and informed written consent.

MR 1.0(f)

Competence — Knowledge means actual knowledge, but actual knowledge may be inferred from surrounding circumstances.

MR 1.1

Competence — Lawyer must provide legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness, and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation.

MR 1.2

Client Control — Client controls objectives and major decisions; lawyer generally controls legal means, subject to consultation and ethical limits.

MR 1.2(c)

Client Identification / Client Control — Lawyer may limit representation if the limitation is reasonable under the circumstances and client gives informed consent.

MR 1.2(d)

Client Control / Confidentiality — Lawyer may advise about legal consequences but may not knowingly counsel or assist criminal or fraudulent conduct.

MR 1.3

Competence — Lawyer must act with reasonable diligence and promptness, including meeting deadlines, avoiding neglect, managing workload, and not abandoning the matter.

MR 1.4

Communication / Client Control / Competence — Lawyer must keep client informed, consult about means, respond to reasonable requests, and explain enough for informed decisions.

MR 1.5

Client Identification — Lawyer may not charge unreasonable fees; fee arrangements must be communicated, and contingent fees have special written requirements and limits.

MR 1.6

Confidentiality — Lawyer generally may not reveal information relating to representation unless client consents, disclosure is impliedly authorized, or an exception applies.

CA Rule 1.6

Confidentiality — California strongly protects client secrets and generally permits disclosure mainly to prevent a criminal act likely to cause death or substantial bodily harm.

MR 1.7

Conflict of Interest — Conflict exists if representation is directly adverse to another current client or materially limited by duties to another client, former client, third person, or lawyer interest.

MR 1.8

Conflict of Interest — Covers specific current-client conflicts involving business transactions, gifts, information use, third-party payment, aggregate settlements, sex, media rights, and lawyer self-interest.

MR 1.8(a)

Conflict of Interest — Lawyer-client business transactions are allowed only if terms are fair and reasonable, fully disclosed in writing, client is advised to seek independent counsel, and client gives informed written consent.

MR 1.8(b)

Confidentiality / Conflict of Interest — Lawyer may not use information relating to representation to client’s disadvantage unless client gives informed consent or rules permit it.

MR 1.8(c)

Conflict of Interest — Lawyer generally may not solicit substantial gifts or draft instruments giving lawyer or lawyer’s relative substantial gifts unless recipient is related to client.

MR 1.8(d)

Conflict of Interest — Before representation ends, lawyer may not negotiate for literary or media rights based substantially on information relating to the representation.

MR 1.8(e)

Conflict of Interest — Lawyer may not provide financial assistance to a client in litigation except advancing litigation costs and paying certain costs for indigent clients.

MR 1.8(f)

Conflict of Interest — Lawyer may accept payment from someone other than client only with client informed consent, no interference with professional judgment, and protected confidentiality.

MR 1.8(g)

Conflict of Interest — Lawyer representing multiple clients may not enter aggregate settlement or plea arrangement without each client’s informed written consent after full disclosure of all material terms.

MR 1.8(h)

Conflict of Interest — Lawyer may not prospectively limit malpractice liability unless client is independently represented, and must advise unrepresented client or former client to seek counsel before settling malpractice claims.

MR 1.8(i)

Conflict of Interest — Lawyer may not acquire a proprietary interest in the cause of action or subject matter of litigation except authorized liens and reasonable contingent fees.

MR 1.8(j)

Conflict of Interest — Lawyer may not have sexual relations with a client unless a consensual sexual relationship existed before representation began.

MR 1.8(k)

Conflict of Interest — Many Rule 1.8 conflicts are imputed to other lawyers in the firm, subject to exceptions.

MR 1.9

Conflict of Interest / Confidentiality — Lawyer may not oppose former client in same or substantially related materially adverse matter without informed written consent, and may not misuse or reveal former-client information.

MR 1.10

Conflict of Interest — Conflicts of one lawyer are generally imputed to the whole firm, with exceptions for some personal-interest conflicts and screening situations.

MR 1.11

Conflict of Interest — Government lawyers moving to or from private practice face special conflict rules for matters handled personally and substantially and for confidential government information.

MR 1.12

Conflict of Interest — Former neutral generally may not represent a party in the same matter without informed written consent from all parties; screening may avoid firm disqualification.

MR 1.13

Client Identification / Client Control / Communication / Confidentiality / Conflict — Lawyer represents the entity, not constituents; if insider conduct threatens the organization, lawyer may need to report up and clarify client identity.

MR 1.14

Client Identification / Client Control / Communication / Conflict — Lawyer must maintain normal relationship as far as possible but may take protective action if client cannot protect self and faces substantial harm.

MR 1.15

Client Identification — Lawyer must keep client and third-party property separate, maintain records, promptly deliver property owed, and preserve disputed funds.

MR 1.16

Client Identification / Client Control / Confidentiality / Conflict — Lawyer must withdraw if representation violates law or rules, lawyer is impaired, or client fires lawyer; permissive withdrawal is allowed in listed situations while protecting client interests.

MR 1.18

Client Identification / Competence / Conflict — Lawyer owes limited confidentiality and conflict duties to someone who consults about possible representation, even if no representation results.

MR 1.18(a)

Client Control / Client Identification — A prospective client is someone who consults a lawyer about possibly forming a client-lawyer relationship.

MR 2.1

Client Control — Lawyer must exercise independent professional judgment and give candid advice, including moral, economic, social, and political considerations when relevant.

MR 2.3

Competence / Confidentiality / Conflict — Lawyer may give third-party evaluation if compatible with client relationship; informed consent required if evaluation likely materially harms client.

MR 3.1

Competence / Communication — Lawyer may not assert frivolous claims or defenses but may make good-faith arguments to change law; criminal defense may require proof of every element.

MR 3.3

Communication / Confidentiality / Client Control — Lawyer must not lie to tribunal, must correct false statements, disclose controlling adverse law, and remedy false evidence when required.

MR 3.4

Communication / Confidentiality — Lawyer may not obstruct evidence, falsify evidence, counsel false testimony, make frivolous discovery objections, or use improper litigation tactics.

MR 3.7

Communication / Competence — Lawyer generally may not act as trial advocate if likely to be a necessary witness, unless an exception applies.

MR 3.8

Communication / Confidentiality — Prosecutor must seek justice, respect accused rights, disclose required evidence, and remedy certain wrongful convictions.

MR 3.9

Communication / Confidentiality — Lawyer appearing before legislature or administrative agency in representative capacity must disclose that role and comply with candor duties.

MR 4.1

Communication / Confidentiality / Competence — Lawyer may not knowingly make false material statements to third persons and may need to disclose facts to avoid assisting client crime or fraud.

MR 4.2

Communication — Lawyer may not communicate about the matter with a person known to be represented unless that person’s lawyer consents or law authorizes it.

MR 4.3

Communication — Lawyer must not imply neutrality, must correct misunderstandings about role, and generally may only advise unrepresented person to get counsel.

MR 4.4(b)

Communication / Confidentiality — Lawyer who receives inadvertently sent documents or electronically stored information must promptly notify the sender.

MR 5.1

Competence — Supervisors must ensure firm compliance systems and may be responsible for violations they order, ratify, know of, or fail to remedy.

MR 5.2

Competence — Subordinate lawyer remains bound by rules; safe harbor only for following supervisor’s reasonable resolution of an arguable ethics question.

MR 5.4(c)

Conflict of Interest / Client Control — Lawyer may not let a payer, employer, or recommender direct or regulate professional judgment.

MR 6.1

Client Identification — Lawyers have aspirational responsibility to provide pro bono services, especially to people of limited means; generally not disciplinary.

MR 6.2

Client Identification — Lawyer should not avoid court appointment absent good cause such as conflict, financial burden, lack of competence, or impairment from repugnant client or cause.

MR 7.1

Communication / Client Identification — Lawyer communications about services must not be false or misleading or omit facts needed to avoid misleading impressions.

MR 7.2

Communication / Client Identification — Lawyers may advertise truthfully but generally cannot pay for recommendations except permitted advertising, referral services, reciprocal arrangements, and law-practice sales.

MR 7.3

Communication / Client Identification — Restricts live person-to-person solicitation for pecuniary gain, especially where pressure, vulnerability, or requested no-contact exists; exceptions apply.

MR 7.6

Conflict of Interest — Lawyer or firm may not accept government legal work or judicial appointment obtained through political contributions made or solicited for that purpose.

MR 8.1

Client Identification / Competence — Lawyer or applicant must not knowingly make false material statements, fail to correct misunderstandings, or fail to respond to lawful demands, subject to confidentiality.

MR 8.4

Competence / Client Identification / Communication — Catch-all rule covering rule violations, assisting violations, certain criminal acts, dishonesty, prejudicial conduct, improper influence, judicial misconduct assistance, and harassment/discrimination.

MR 8.4(c)

Confidentiality / Communication — Lawyer commits misconduct by dishonest, fraudulent, deceitful, or misleading conduct.

MR 8.4(d)

Confidentiality / Communication — Lawyer commits misconduct by conduct harming fairness, integrity, or functioning of the justice system.