AP Gov Chapter 6

Federal Judiciary

The system of federal courts that interprets and applies U.S. laws.

Supreme Court

The highest court in the U.S.; makes final legal decisions.

Original Jurisdiction

A court’s power to hear a case first.

Appellate Jurisdiction

A court’s power to review decisions made by lower courts.

Federalist No. 78

Hamilton’s essay arguing for an independent judiciary and judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review—the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to decide if laws or actions violate the Constitution.

Criminal Law

Laws dealing with crimes and punishment.

Civil Law

Laws about disputes between people or organizations (like lawsuits)

Federal District Courts

The trial courts where federal cases start.

Federal Courts of Appeals

Review cases from district courts; no new trials.

Precedent

A past court decision used as a guide for future cases.

Stare Decisis

“Let the decision stand” — courts follow previous rulings.

Majority Opinion

The official decision of the Court, explaining the ruling.

Concurring Opinion

A justice agrees with the majority but for a different reason.

Dissenting Opinion

A justice disagrees with the majority’s decision.

Judicial Restraint

Judges avoid overturning laws unless clearly unconstitutional.

Judicial Activism

Judges use their power to promote justice or policy changes.