week 1 pt 3

Healthy Community

- best defined as the attainment of the greatest possible biological, psychological and social well-being of the community as an entity and its individual members

- Display evidence of biological, psychological and social well-being in itself

- is economically stable, unpolluted and is able to provide for the needs of its members at adequate levels.

Elements of a Healthy Community

- People are partners in health care. - community managed approach

- People work together to attain goals. - participation and cooperation

- Physical environment promotes health, safety, order and cleanliness.

- Safe water and nutritious food.

- Families provide members with basic needs.

- Available and affordable health care.

Characteristics of a Healthy Community

1. members are aware of their own health and biologic status

2. Members give credit to the governing authority.

3. The natural and biological resources are open for everybody but the consumption is controlled to help in preserving this resources.

4. Has a strong and reliable governing body.

5. The people work together to attain independence.

awareness of own health and biologic status

- prompts members to have a high degree of awareness that we are a community, heightened sense of belongingness and affiliation.

- ex. Slogan Proud to be Pinoy, Pilipino Ako

controlled consumption for resource preservation

- use natural resources while taking steps to conserve them for the future generation

- ex. Controlled Logging, water conservation measures

Characteristics of a Healthy Community

6. The people work together to attain independence.

7. Environmental and physiologic needs are sustained by the families and community.

8. Parents and guardians serve as role models for the children.

9. The people are concerned with their health status.

10. Health needs are accessible and affordable to the public and free for the indigent.

Characteristics of a Healthy Community

11. Everyone is working to attained Health in the citizenry.

12. Openly recognizes the existence of subgroups and welcomes their participation in community affairs.

13. Is prepared to meet crises.

14. Is a problem-solving community

15. Has open channels communication that allows information to flow among all subgroups of its citizen in all directions.

Open recognition of subgroups

Ex Participation in preparations (fiesta, cleaning, service) from community, association, homeowners and youth groups

Problem-solving community

it identifies, analyzes and organizes to meet its own needs.

Characteristics of a Healthy Community

16. Seeks to make each of its system's resources available to all members of the community.

17. Has legitimate and effective ways to settle disputes and meet needs that arises within the community.

18. Encourages maximum citizen participation in decision- making.

19. Promotes high level wellness among its members.

Factors that affect community health (multifactorial pheomenon)

1. Political Factor

2. Socioeconomic Factor

3. Heredity Factor

4. Environmental Factor

5. Behavior

6. Health Care Delivery System

Political Factor

- early community health workers were adept in influencing health-related policies.

- health policy formulation is done by top politicians with little consultation from the health care providers;

- health policy decisions at community level reflected in budget allocations on health care programs, disaster preparedness; creation of new health programs or expansion or discontinuing of current one; and

legislation and ordinances that regulate health- related behavior (ex. Anti-smoking in public vehicles).

Socioeconomic Factor

- Affect the ability to provide necessities like food ,water and shelter to obtain health care.

- General economic climate also affects health

- Rising health care cost

- Diminishing access to health care

General economic climate

ex. Declining economy contributes to high levels of unemployment which leads to reduced income, which is also accompanied by loss of employer-provided insurance benefits thus, reducing health care access. Reduced tax results in reduced health and welfare programs. A declining economy also raises prices of goods and services.

Rising health care cost

is also due to advance medical technology which have contributed to growing numbers of elderly and chronically ill who require ongoing health care services at higher costs.

Diminishing access to health care

- escalating cost results in cutbacks in health services

- ex. Immunization, Decreased access to medicare benefits

Heredity Factor

with the growing population, the number of people with heredofamilial diseases like cancer and diabetes are increasing.

Environmental Factor

a. Social Environment - prevalence of mental health problems, more broken families with decreased support system.

b. Physical Environment - increased pollution and overcrowding

Behavior

- lifestyle factors contribute to illness or health, diet, exercise, smoking and etc.

- increased incidence of substance abuse, alcohol, drugs which in turn influences increase in care expenditures

- increased sexual promiscuities lead to more STDs

Health Care Delivery System

accessibility, affordability of health care facilities and services.

Other Factors that affect health of the community

- Characteristics of the population

- Location of the Community or community of place or place-based community

- Social systems within the community

Characteristics of the Population

statistics:

- Population density

- natality

- mortality

- population growth

- population size

- age distribution

- population fluctuations

population density

the size of any population in relation to some unit of space

natality

the rate of reproduction or birth per unit time

mortality

the number of deaths in population per unit time

population growth

one of the dynamic features of species population

population size

increases in a characteristic way

age distribution

another important characteristic of population which influences natality and mortality

population fluctuations

The size and density of natural population show a changing pattern over a period of time

Location of the community/community of place/place-based community

- a community of people who are bound together because of where they reside, work, visit or otherwise spend a continuous portion of their time

- can be a neighborhood, town, coffeehouse, workplace, gathering place, public space or any other geographically specific place that a number of people share, have in common or visit frequently

- A community offers many appealing features of a broader social relationship

features of a broader social relationship

Safety, familiarity, support and loyalties as well as appreciation. Appreciation that is founded on efforts and contribution to the community, rather than the efforts, rank or status of an individual.

Social systems

means that members of the same community are functionally related to each other:

- Economic subsystem: work, wages and economy

- Political subsystem: concept of power and leaders

- Social subsystem: marriage, family, religion, beliefs, values etc.

Good community health

manifested by progressive improvements in the living conditions and quality of life enjoyed by the community residents

5 Ms of production

1. Manpower

2. Money

3. Methods

4. Materials

5. Machinery

Indicators of Health and Wellness

1. Life expectancy

2. Infant mortality

3. Maternal mortality

4. Age-adjusted death rates

5. Disease incidence rates

Public Health

the science and art of (1) preventing disease, (2) prolonging life, and (3) promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort for (C.E Winslow):

- Sanitation of environment

- Control of communicable infections

- Education of the individual in personal hygiene

- Organization of medical and nursing services

- Development of the social machinery

3 Primary Functions of Public Health

1. Assessment

2. Policy Development

3. Assurance

Essential Public Health Functions

- Health situation monitoring and analysis

- Epidemiological surveillance/ disease prevention and control

- Development of policies and planning

- Strategic management

- Regulation and enforcement

Essential Public Health Functions

- Human resource and development

- Health promotion, social participation, and empowerment

- Ensuring the quality of personal and population-based health service

- Research, development, and implementation

Health Promotion

directed at improving well-being

Disease Prevention

protects people from disease and the effects of disease

3 Levels of Prevention

- Primary Prevention

- Secondary Prevention

- Tertiary Prevention

Primary Prevention

- general health promotion and specific protection

- healthcare programs aim to reduce risk factors and increase health promotion and prevention (Most desirable)

- Providing specific prevention against diseases

- Seeks to prevent a disease or condition at a pre-pathologic state, to stop something from ever happening

- Basic prevention of the spread of bacteria, viruses, fungi.

- Minimize work related accidents in the area by using safety devices.

- Minimize threat to the quality of life of a person

Primary Prevention (Examples)

- Immunizations, Hygiene, Handwashing, Protection from Hazards, Carcinogens and Accidents, Vitamin taking and Avoidance of Allergens

- To decrease probability of illness by health promotion:

* Health Education;

* Adequate housing and recreation and working condition;

* Good standard of nutrition adjusted to the developmental phase of life

- Marriage and counseling and sex education;

- Personality development;

- Protection against occupational hazards;

- Genetic screening;

- Avoidance of carcinogens and allergies;

- Immunizations; and

- Environmental Sanitation and Personal Hygiene.

Secondary Prevention

- Health Maintenance

- Organized and direct screening efforts or education of the public to promote early case finding of individual with a disease so that prompt intervention could be instituted in order to limit disabilities

- Seeks to identify specific illness or conditions at an early stage with prompt intervention to prevent or limit disability

- Early screening and detection

- To prevent catastrophic effects that could occur if proper attention and treatment are not provided.

- Control of diseases

Secondary healthcare

related to "hospital care" where acute care is administered in a hospital department settin

Secondary Prevention (Examples)

Pap Smear (Cervical Screening), TSE, BSE.

Secondary Prevention (Purpose)

By early diagnosis and prompt treatment, reduce severity of illness:

- Case finding measures;

- Prevention of spread of communicable disease;

- Individual and mass screening/surveys;

- Cure and prevention of disease;

- Adequate treatment;

- Prevention of complication and sequelae;

- Prevention of death; and

- Shorten period of disability.

Tertiary Prevention

- Occurs after a disease or disability has occurred and the recovery process has begun.

- Intent is to halt the disease or injury process and assist the person in obtaining an optimal health status

- To establish high-level wellness "To maximize use of remaining capacities".

- Recovery from illness/continued treatment of the disease patient is suffering (Early period of recovery from illness can prolong life).

- Appropriate and consistent administration of medication to optimize the effect as well as proper positioning and exercise to prevent disabilities.

- Prevent complication.

Tertiary Prevention (Goal)

Minimize residual disability and helping the client learn how to live productively even with limitations.

Tertiary Healthcare

- highly specialized care usually involving disease or disability management

- Restoration and Rehabilitation

- Provision of hospital and community facilities for re-training and education to maximize use of remaining capacities;

- Public education and industries to use to rehabilitate persons to the fullest; Selective placements; Work therapy in hospitals; and Use of sheltered colony.