Exam #1 Study Review Objectives

Flashcards testing core concepts and key terms outlined across Chapters 1, 2, and 3 for Exam #1.

What three domains of human development are highlighted in Chapter 1?

Physical development, cognitive development, and social development.

What developmental period refers to the transition between adolescence and full adulthood?

Emerging adulthood.

What are the four developmental influences covered in Chapter 1?

Age-graded influences, history-graded influences, sociocultural-graded influences, and non-normative life events.

Which major theories of personality and development are contrasted in Chapter 1 regarding psychodynamic perspectives?

Erikson’s psychosocial theory and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.

Which three behavioral theories are listed under Chapter 1?

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social cognitive learning theory.

According to the humanistic perspective in Chapter 1, what is the primary goal in life?

Self-actualization and reaching one's full potential.

What model describes five levels of environmental influence on development?

Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach.

Which research methods are contrasted in Chapter 1?

Naturalistic observation, case studies, experimentation, and ethnography.

What three research strategies are used to study developmental change over time?

Longitudinal, sequential, and cross-sectional research strategies.

What are gametes and zygotes?

Gametes are the sex cells from each parent (sperm and ova), while a zygote is the single new cell formed by the union of two gametes.

What is the difference between monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins?

Monozygotic twins are genetically identical and form from a single fertilized ovum that splits, whereas dizygotic twins develop from two separate ova fertilized by two separate sperm.

What factor determines the sex of a child?

The 23rd pair of chromosomes contributed by the father's sperm (an X or Y chromosome).

How do a genotype and a phenotype differ?

A genotype is the underlying combination of genetic material present in an organism, while a phenotype is the observable characteristic or trait.

What is polygenic inheritance?

Inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait.

What field studies the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and behavior?

Behavioral genetics.

Which three genetic disorders are highlighted in Chapter 2?

Fragile X syndrome, sickle-cell anemia, and Down syndrome.

What three prenatal testing methods are specified in Chapter 2?

Amniocentesis, ultrasound sonography, and chorionic villus sampling (CVS).

What role does the placenta serve during prenatal development?

It acts as a conduit providing nourishment and oxygen to the developing fetus via the umbilical cord while filtering out waste products.

What two medical treatments for infertility are identified in Chapter 2?

Artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.

What four alternative birthing procedures are identified in Chapter 2?

Lamaze Method, Bradley Method, hypnobirthing, and water birthing.

What is meant by the 'age of viability' for babies?

The point at which an infant can survive prematurely outside the mother's womb.

What does SIDS stand for?

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

Which four specific infant reflexes are listed in Chapter 3?

The Babinski reflex, the rooting reflex, the Moro reflex, and the startle reflex.

What two severe forms of malnutrition affect infants as discussed in Chapter 3?

Kwashiorkor and marasmus.

What is 'nonorganic failure to thrive'?

A disorder in which infants stop growing and developing due to a lack of stimulation and emotional affection rather than biological causes.

What key concepts from Piaget's theory of cognitive development are featured in Chapter 3?

Schema, assimilation, and accommodation.

What are holophrases in early infant language acquisition?

One-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase or complete thought.

What three theoretical approaches to language acquisition are covered in Chapter 3?

Learning theory approach, nativist approach, and the interactionist approaches.

What four infant attachment styles are outlined in Chapter 3?

Avoidant, secure, ambivalent, and disorganized-disoriented.

What three infant temperament profiles are identified in Chapter 3?

Easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.