Henry viii

Treaty of etaples renewed 1510

- treaty between france and england

- done by the council

- restored the pension

- not his aim

holy league set up 1510

- jointed anti french alliance

- henry

-friend of the pope

first invasion of france 1512

- henry sent a substantial army of 10,000 men

- short term

second invasion of france (Battle of Spurs) 1513

- h8 won

- henry led a force to northeastern france

- captured therouanne and tournai

Battle of Flodden 1513

- anglo-scotish conflict, James vi crossed eng border

- costly for h8

- successful

Marriage of Louis XII and Princess Mary 1514

- recovering etaples pension

- wolsey

death of louis xii 1515

french throne to Francis i, h8's political and personal rival

Death of Ferdinand of Aragon 1516

his grandson charles v sought an alliance w the french

Treaty of Noyon 1516

Established peace between Spain and France

treaty of cambrai 1517

peace between HRE and france - leaves eng isolated

treaty of london aka treaty of perpetual peace 1518

establishing general european peace

fail: this is broken in the future

king charles of spain elected holy roman emperor 1519

charles was most victorious and became powerful

leaders sought agreement w h8

Field of the Cloth of Gold 1520

Henry and Francis I meet in France. Henry lost in wrestling match. Cost £15,000. Nothing achieved.

Treaty of Bruges 1521

- agreement between charles v and h8 (antifrench)

- improve relations w pope

england at war with france 1522

england invade france, parliament was reluctant to fund. expensive cost £400,000

charles V is victorious over french battle of Pavia 1525

charles' army crushes french

peace with france 1525

peace agreement w france

anti-imperial league 1526

organised by pope to counter charles' dominance in italy

Why did Henry seek an annulment and what was the case?

- Catherine had no male heir by 1527 at 42 she was unlikely to have more children

- leviticus: 'a man who marries his brother's wife will be childless'

Who was Martin Luther?

- Martin Luther: Believed a man is served by only his faith and not by deeds or sacraments. Only the bible was the true authority and the pope was fallible. Consubstantiation, had widespread impact all the way to England.

Who were Erasmus's powerful English friends?

More and Fisher

Who was the most significant humanist in England and what did he do?

John Colet, founded St Paul's School 1509, teaching according to humanist principles and Erasmus, not drawing the governors from the clergy and appointing William Lily, a humanist, as its head.

What were Wolsey's domestic policies?

-Star Chamber increased in importance, dealt with minor cases like property theft and slander

-Court of the Chancery, cases over enclosure, contracts and wills dealt with, backlog of cases due to its popularity

-1515 Act of Resumption, returned lands back to the crown to increase revenue

-The Subsidy, a more realistic tax based on people's wealth

-Amicable Grant, additional tax in 1525 to fund France expedition, caused rebellion and non payment

-Tried to reform Royal Household with Eltham Ordinances in 1526, reduced power of the Privy Chamber and reduced the number of Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber

-Concerned over the effects of enclosures and set up an enquiry, set up legal proceedings with landowners which made him unpopular

-raised over £800k from taxes and subsidies, but insufficient for Henry's war bill

amicable grant rebellion 1525

Resistance in Essex and Suffolk was put down by the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk but there were over 5000 resisters in the area. Wolsey begged to treat them leniently and it showed Henry he couldn't go against the tax paying classes.

Lincolnshire Rising 1536

rebels from louth march to lincoln catherdral. the duke of suffolk had an army ready but they dispersed

Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)

As the rebels dispersed from Lincoln, Aske travelled towards York collecting men and seized Pontefract Castle. With 40,000 men they presented the Pontefract Articles to Norfolk. By this point rebels also started a rebellion in Cumberland. Norfolk offered a pardon and restoration of the monastery to disperse the rebels but didn't follow up. The renewed Cumberland Rising in 1537 allowed Henry to hang Aske. at York.

What were the regional issues during H8's reign?

- Local loyalties were stronger than national, and in 1536 Henry tried to unify the state in Wales by dividing it into shire counties and brought Wales into the same legal framework as England.It soon became part of England with little separate identity apart from Welsh spoken in parts of the country.

- Palatinates were technically separate jurisdictions, but only Durham was held under the bishop's jurisdiction, until 1536 when it was limited in the Act of Resuming Liberties to the Crown.

- The Anglo-Welsh border was governed by the Principality of Wales. The Anglo-Scottish border was harder to police due to remoteness, and so sheep rushing was rife. Cromwell launched the Council of the North based in York and proved successful to govern the North.

What were Henry's aims and early moves?

- April 1509 H7 dies and H8 becomes king

- He married CofA in June 1509 and it was initially successful on both a personal level and her influence in policies, however she was 5+ years older and when she couldn't produce a male heir in 1520s it goes stale.

- He re-established the nobility because he liked the military glory. He spent time with the sons of the nobles in leisure, and they were unable to dominate after Wolsey was instated.

- Henry desperately sought military glory and this dominated FP. There was little strategic importance and he meddled between France and Spain.

What were Henry VIII's foreign policy aims?

- Enhancing the international status of England

- Achieve military fame and glory- this was to become a contender in Europe

- He had a rivalry with Francis I of France and Charles V of Spain, but he was more of a third wheeler and never taken seriously between the two.

What was the dissolution of the monasteries?

When Henry and Cromwell closed down all of the monasteries. to boost crown finances

- 1536: First Act of the Dissolution of Monasteries- all houses under £200 were dissolved. It sparked the Pilgrimage of Grace and monks were transferred elsewhere.

- 1536/7: Voluntary surrenders of larger houses. By the end of 1538 202 houses had surrendered.

- 1539: Second Act of Dissolution of Monasteries legitimised surrenders. Total 563 houses dissolved and crown income doubled.

What was the character of Henry VIII?

- Well educated and after Arthur's death raised with intention of being king.

- Well read and acquainted with humanism(Erasmus was a penfriend)

- Extroverted affable and spoke 5 languages- enjoyed courtly activities and leisure more.

- Sporadic in his partaking of kingly duties- lacks the work ethic of his father with a dislike for government

- no experience in govt or public affairs, but shows ruthlessness in his execution of Empson and Dudley in 1510.

What was society like in Henry VIII's reign?

- gentry class increased, with 5000 gentry families in 1540

- commoners had little change but a rise in inflation led to a drop in income

What was Henry's later foreign policy?

- 1532: Defensive alliance with France

- 1535: Search for a Protestant alliance with the Schmalkaldic League

- 1540: Marriage and subsequent annulment to Anne of Cleves, damaging relations with the Schmalkaldic League.

- 1541: Henry crowned King of Ireland

- 1542: England win battle of Solway Moss and James V dies leaving Mary Queen of Scots- 1544: England invade France and capture Bolougne.

- 1545: Attempted invasion by French troops in Scotland and a separate army at the Isle of Wight.

- 1546: Anglo-French Peace of Ardres

What was Cromwell's domestic policy? (1531 - 1544)

- It centred around the Reformation

- 1531: Convocation of Canterbury recognises Henry as head of the English Church.

- 1533: Act in Restraint of Appeals to Rome stops cases going to Rome. Cranmer declared C's marriage null and A's marriage valid.

- 1534: First Act of Succession declares Mary illegitimate and any children of Anne the heirs.

- 1534 Act of Supremacy declares Henry Supreme Head of the English Church. Treason Act extends to intent in word as well as deed.

- 1536: Act of Ten Articles only upheld 3 sacraments.

- 1538: Henry ex-communicated by Pope.

- 1539: Act of Six Articles confirmed transubstantiation, private Mass and confession. It banned communion by lay people.

- 1540: Cromwell arranged the marriage to AoC. It failed and he was executed.

- 1544: English Litany introduced, but not compulsory.

What was Court and Council like?

- Henry resented his father's councillors reluctance to support a war with France and took decisions to the Privy Chamber instead. This was filled with his minions who distrusted Wolsey and thus outside Wolsey's control.

- Wolsey was the 'First Minister' and dealt with policy making,church management and FP. In his parliament of 1510, Henry abolished the Council Learned adding importance to the Privy Chamber.

- Key people in Court: Wolsey,Cromwell, DoNorfolk, Lord Chancellor, William Paget, William Compton, Henry Norris.

- The dry stamp was a forged signature which in the precence of 3 men could be used on official documents instead of H8 himself. It saved time and he initalled them monthly..

- Around 200 titles were handed out by H8.

What humanist schools were founded under Henry VIII?

St Paul's School, and Magdalen College School, and they firmly adopted Platonist educational principles.

What caused problems for the annulment?

- After the Sack of Rome Charles kept the Pope captive. He didn't want the family dishonour of his aunt a divorcee.

- Catherine was a devout Catholic and politically astute enough to defend her interests. Cardinal Campeggio wanted to solve it by asking her to be a nun but she refused.

- The failure of the Legatine court headed by Wolsey meant the case was recalled to Rome.

weakness of the church

corruption:

- pluralism: receiving profits of more than one post

- non-residence: receiving the profits of a post but not being present to preform the duties w it

- simony: purchase of church office

Was Erasmian humanism limited?

Yes, its scope was quite limited and much of the change that took place stemmed from the influence of new religious thinking rather than simply scholarly Renaissance humanism.

the attack on traditional religious practices

- began in 1536 of the first set of royal injunctions

- the 1536 injunctions placed a restriction on the number of holy days to be observed and discouraged pilgrimages

- in 1538 pilgrumages and veneration of relics and images were condemned as 'works devised by men's fantasies'

reform of the church

- between 1532-40 h8 assisted by thomas cromwell and cranmer withdrew the english church from the jurisdiction of the papacy

- established the king as supreme head of the church, dissolved monasteries and began to alter doctrine and practices

How did Wolsey fall?

- 1529

- failure to get the annulment

- nov 1530 he was arrested but died at leicester abbey

How did the renaissance develop under Henry VIII? (3 ways).

-Henry saw himself as a promoter of these ideas.

-Knowledge of classical learning developed in the elites.

-More schools adopted humanist teaching.

How did Henry's marriages affect domestic policy?

- Catherine of Aragon m.1509, placed under house-arrest in 1534 and died in 1536. Triggered Reformation

- Anne Boleyn m.1533 in secret, beheaded in 1536 after she is accused of treason.

- Jane Seymour m.1536 but died of childbirth

- Anne of Cleves m. 1540, marriage annulled six months later

- Catherine Howard m.1540 but beheaded after she commits adultery and incest

- Catherine Parr m.1543 and is Protestant, causes downfall for Catholic faction.

- Factions and Cromwell both tried to secure their own position at court through Henry's marriage but were left wounded (politically and literally) when it didn't work.

How did Economy change and with what effects?

- Increase in peerage returned more money and power to the nobility.

- Growth of a professional group led to more trade of secondary products such as cloth

- Rise in inflation led to rise in food prices and unemployment and thus begging.

- Trade increased with woollen exports doubling, but it centred around London.

- Increase in mining of Cornish tin led to more blast furnaces being built to over 25.

- Population grew and led to a burden on food.

- Funding for FP led to coinage being debased, leading to more unemployment, increased homelessness and poverty.

How did Cromwell rise to power?

- He became a secretary to Wolsey by 1524 and after Wolsey's fall he grew closer to Henry by convincing him to break with Rome.- By 1532 he became Chief Minister.

How and why did Wolsey rise to power?

- He was observant of court politics during H7's reign and the Royal Chaplain introduced him to court where he became royal almoner. When his patrons Warham and Fox retire he had a free path to dominance.

- He gained trust with Henry by dealing with Mary's secret marriage to the Duke of Suffolk and thus became H8's first minster.

- He had good administrative skills and had good networking as well as his career in the church to deal with govt affairs.

example of richard hunne, 1514

- hunne was found dead in his cell in the bishop of london's prison. he had apparently hanged himself but it was evident that hunne could mot have killed himself. he had been murdered

changes to the church's structure & significance

- king becomes supreme head of church = this was confirmed by the act of supremacy in 1534

- king appoints cromwell vicegerent in spirituals, 1534 = cromwell was second only to the king and therefore outranked the archbishops and bishops. gave cromwell power

- six new dioceses were created tho one was soon abolished = this was an attempt to improve the church's administration

changes to doctrine?

- 1536 ten articles: only 3 sacraments, baptism, penance and eucharist.

- 1537 bishops book: restored the four sacraments omitted from ten articles

-1539 six articles act: this reasserted catholic doctrine. denial of transubstamtiation was deemed heretical

- 1543 king's book: this revised the bishop's book

changes h8 made to the church 1534-40

- 1534: finacially cutting off the Pope, receiving those funds for henry ~ first fruits and tenths. act of supremacy: control church reform

- 1535: cromwell carries out the valor ecclesiasticus ~ doubles crown's income. moral and spiritual virtues of the monasteries examined by a comminsioner

- 1536: Act of dissilution of the smaller monasteries. supervisors sent to oversee this = rebellion

- 1537/8: closures continue some opposition from carthusian monks ~ executions of 2 monks

- 1539: Act for the dissolution of larger monasteries ~ extending to all religious houses except chantries

- 1540: court of Agumentation set up to deal w money from the dissolutions of monasteries - handled by Richard Rich

By the end of Henry VIII's reign, what had humanist influences gained?

A lasting hold on university curricula.