Personality psychology sietses version

What is the nature of personality according to Freud's theory?

Personality is an energy system with limited energy that can be blocked from one channel of expression.

What happens to blocked energy in Freud's theory?

Blocked energy will express itself in a different way.

What is the goal of the mind in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

The mind works to achieve quiescence, which is an equilibrium.

What are the three systems in Freud's topographical model of the mind?

The conscious (Scs), preconscious (Pcs), and unconscious (Ucs) systems.

What does the conscious system (Scs) represent in Freud's model?

All that is consciously available in that moment.

What is the preconscious system (Pcs) in Freud's model?

Information that is not present in the moment but can be retrieved when needed.

What does the unconscious system (Ucs) encompass in Freud's theory?

Everything that is not available to the person, except through therapy or dreams.

Why are thoughts, feelings, and memories pushed into the unconscious according to Freud?

Because they are anxiety provoking.

How do unconscious thoughts affect conscious actions in Freud's theory?

Unconscious thoughts can influence conscious actions, such as trauma affecting feelings of safety in relationships.

What are the three components of Freud's structural model of personality?

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO.

What does the ID focus on in Freud's model?

Pleasure and immediate gratification.

What is the role of the EGO in Freud's model?

To focus on reality and find compromises between the ID and SUPEREGO.

What does the SUPEREGO represent in Freud's model?

Morality and social norms, dictating what is right and expected.

What is cathexis in the context of Freud's theory?

The ID's attempt to control the EGO by seeking pleasure regardless of consequences.

What is anti-cathexis?

The EGO and SUPEREGO's efforts to control the impulses of the ID.

What are the two primary drives according to Freud?

Eros (life drive) and Thanatos (death drive).

What does Eros represent in Freud's theory?

Basic needs and pleasure-seeking behavior.

What does Thanatos represent in Freud's theory?

The aggressive drive and a desire to return to a state before birth.

What are the four components of a drive according to Freud?

Source, Aim, Pentos, and Object.

What is reality anxiety?

Fear of physical dangers in the real world.

What is morality anxiety?

Fear of not adhering to social and moral codes.

What is neurotic anxiety?

Fear of the libidinal impulses of the ID taking over.

What is denial as a defense mechanism?

Denying the action entirely, such as denying feelings of hatred.

What is repression in the context of defense mechanisms?

Suppressing thoughts and memories that induce anxiety.

What does regression refer to in psychological defense mechanisms?

Returning to an earlier stage of development, such as thumb-sucking.

What is reaction formation?

Doing the exact opposite of what the anxiety-provoking thought would want.

What is projection in defense mechanisms?

Accusing others of having the same anxiety-provoking thoughts one has.

What is displacement as a defense mechanism?

Redirecting anxiety-provoking thoughts onto others.

What is sublimation in the context of defense mechanisms?

Channeling anxiety-provoking thoughts into productive outlets.

What does undoing mean in psychological terms?

Compensating for anxiety-provoking thoughts with something else.

What is intellectualizing as a defense mechanism?

Adding information to make anxiety-provoking thoughts less dramatic.

What are the stages of personality development according to Freud?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages.

What is the focus of the Oral stage in Freud's theory?

The mouth, lips, and tongue, with weaning off the breast as an important development.

What is the focus of the Anal stage in Freud's theory?

The anus, with potty training as an important development.

What is the focus of the Phallic stage in Freud's theory?

The genitals, with identification with the same-sex parent as an important development.

What is the focus of the Genital phase in Freud's theory?

The genitals, with the development of full sexuality.

What does Carl Jung's concept of libido refer to?

Psychic energy that encompasses desires, including both sexual and nonsexual hunger.

What are the three components of Jung's structure of personality?

The Ego, Personal Unconscious, and Collective Unconscious.

What is the Collective Unconscious according to Jung?

Shared potentialities and archetypes that express common human experiences.

What are archetypes in Jung's theory?

Psychic structures common to all humans that influence how we perceive and react to situations.

What is the Self archetype in Jung's perspective?

The archetype of wholeness that seeks harmony among all aspects of the psyche.

What is the animus in Jungian psychology?

The masculine side of the female psyche.

What is the anima in Jungian psychology?

The feminine side of the male psyche.

Why is it important to express opposite sex characteristics according to Jung?

To avoid disbalance in the psyche.

How does Jung describe the psyche of men?

As rational and analytical.

How does Jung describe the psyche of women?

As having the ability to enter relationships.

What is the shadow in Jungian psychology?

Unsocial thoughts and feelings that are incompatible with society's codes and the personality we strive to be.

What are the benefits of interacting with your shadow?

It gives you credibility and dimension, and feelings of trauma are often stored there.

What is the persona in Jungian psychology?

The mask we wear to meet societal demands, a compromise between true identity and social identity.

What risks are associated with the persona?

Over-identifying with the persona can hinder the development of other personality aspects and limit group development.

What are the two attitudes Jung describes in personality types?

Extraversion (open to the outside world) and Introversion (closed to the outside world).

What are the four functions Jung identifies in personality?

Thinking (logic), Feeling (personal values), Sensing (empirical data), and Intuition (relationships and meanings).

What is the dominant function in Jungian personality types?

The function that a person tends to use most, such as thinking.

What is the auxiliary function in Jungian personality types?

The supporting function that complements the dominant function.

What is the inferior function in Jungian personality types?

The function that is least developed, such as feeling.

What is the ultimate goal of a fully developed psyche according to Jung?

Self-actualisation.

What are the three necessary elements for self-actualisation?

Causality, teleology, and synchronicity.

What does causality refer to in Jung's theory?

Events having origins in cause-and-effect relationships that affect personality.

What does teleology refer to in Jung's theory?

Present events shaped by individual purposes or goals.

What is synchronicity in Jungian psychology?

The simultaneous occurrence of two events that appear linked in meaning.

What is individuation in Jung's theory?

The process of becoming one's own self, distinct from others, necessary for self-actualisation.

What is transcendence in Jungian psychology?

Becoming more in touch with the rest of the world and recognizing a common essence that unites us.

What is one critique of Jung's theory regarding genetic variation?

The notion of shared archetypes contradicts the idea of genetic variation among different groups.

What is a critique regarding the fitness in evolution in relation to Jung's archetypes?

The existence of endless archetypes questions why only the fittest did not remain.

What is a critique concerning the rate of evolution of archetypes?

Jung's archetypes seem to evolve despite significant changes in circumstances over time.

What is the significance of inherited traits in personality according to the notes?

Inherited traits are of declining importance; conceptual experiences are largely independent of genetic heritage.

How does Jung's theory relate to archetypes and the collective unconscious?

Jung's relationships to underline the existence of archetypes and a collective unconscious are often based on coincidence and his experiences with patients.

What is the empirical value of Jung's evidence for synchronicity?

Jung's evidence for synchronicity has no empirical value and is purely based on coincidence.

What is the 'black box' concept in the learning perspective of personality?

The mind is viewed as a black box, and personality is based solely on observable behavior.

What is the key structural component of personality in the learning perspective?

Responses, which are external, observable behaviors related to environmental events.

What is the difference between respondents and operants in behaviorism?

Respondents are automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli, while operants are actions that can be changed or conditioned.

What is classical conditioning according to Pavlov?

A process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a strong response.

What are the three phases of classical conditioning?

1. Preconditioning: unconditioned stimulus (food) elicits unconditioned response (salivation). 2. During conditioning: neutral stimulus (bell) + unconditioned stimulus (food) elicits unconditioned response (salivation). 3. After conditioning: conditioned stimulus (bell) elicits conditioned response (salivation).

What is generalization in classical conditioning?

The conditioned response occurs not only to the conditioned stimulus but also to similar stimuli.

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

The recognition of differences between stimuli, leading to responses only to specific stimuli.

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

The conditioned response (salivation) diminishes when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

What is operant conditioning according to Skinner?

Behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it; rewards increase behavior likelihood, while punishments decrease it.

What are primary and secondary punishers?

Primary punishers are biological and innate, while secondary punishers are learned.

What is positive punishment?

The addition of something negative to decrease a behavior, e.g., giving a beating for bad behavior.

What is negative punishment?

The removal of something pleasant to decrease a behavior, e.g., taking away a child's telephone.

What are primary and secondary reinforcers?

Primary reinforcers are necessary for survival (e.g., food), while secondary reinforcers are learned (e.g., money).

What is a positive reinforcer?

Adding something positive to increase a behavior, e.g., giving candy for a good grade.

What is a negative reinforcer?

Removing something negative to increase a behavior, e.g., no set bedtime for good grades.

What is fixed ratio reinforcement?

Behavior is reinforced after a specific number of occurrences, leading to a fast response rate.

What is fixed interval reinforcement?

Reinforcement is given after a fixed time interval, provided at least one correct response has been made.

What is variable ratio reinforcement?

Behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of occurrences.

What is variable interval reinforcement?

Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed, such as self-employed people being paid at unpredictable times.

How does personality develop according to the psychoanalytic learning perspective?

Personality develops through new responses as a result of reward, punishment, or conditioning.

What is the definition of personality in the context of Dollard and Miller's theory?

Personality is the learned association between stimuli and responses that invoke reactions, combining Freud's psychoanalytic perspective with the learning perspective.

What are the two main components of personality structure according to Dollard and Miller?

Habits and temporary structures.

What are habits in the context of personality?

Habits are the likelihood of responding in a certain way.

What are temporary structures in personality?

Temporary structures are habits that are unlearned and are not permanent.

What are the four stages of the learning process that result in habits?

1. Drive 2. Cue 3. Response 4. Reward.

What is a drive in the context of personality?

A stimulus that impels a person to act, serving as a motivating force.

What is the difference between primary and secondary drives?

Primary drives are innate, physical needs (e.g., hunger), while secondary drives are learned or acquired (e.g., need for money).

What is a cue in the learning process?

A specific stimulus that indicates when, where, and how to respond.

What is a response in the context of the learning process?

The reaction to the cue, which can be overt (observable behavior) or covert (thoughts).

What is the response hierarchy?

A ranking of responses from highest to lowest probability, where the dominant response is the most likely to occur.

What is reinforcement in the context of personality development?

The effect of the response that leads to drive reduction; reward is impossible without drive.

What happens when the dominant response does not lead to drive reduction?

A learning dilemma occurs, requiring a change in the dominant response.