Forestry K4: Forests and Society

lignin

Half of the tree is made of lignin: a complex natural chemical that binds the cellulose fibers in a tree together

Turpentine and tall oil

Resinous materials from pulping process

Paint, varnish, adhesives, asphalt, lube-oil additives, resins, menthol, lacquer, camphor, printing inks, fungicides, rubber and latex products, soaps, disinfectants, and polishes

Synthesized essential oils

Chewing gum, mouthwash, peppermint candies and toothpaste, lime aftershave, detergents, soaps and shampoo

Wood flour and melamine resins from cellulose filler

Dinnerware, electrical receptacles and parts, toys, caster wheels, toilet seats, handles for cooking utensils, washing machine impellers, composite decks and roofs, and appliance housings, and adhesives

Ethyl cellulose and other chemical based cellulose

Tool handles, packaging films, glasses frame, combs, brush, sponges, acetate filament yarns, sausage casings, cellophane, knobs and handles, luggage, gunstocks, fishing floats. Toothbrushes, plastic pens, football helmets and hard hats, electrical tape, coatings, lampshades and a variety of other products

Acetate filament yarns from cellulose

Rayon fiber, clothing, drapes, rugs

Nitrocellulose

Rocket propellants and explosives

Also key ingredient in nail polish and car paint

Torula yeast

high-protein product from wood sugars in pulping process

• 17 nutritional trace elements

• Type S Torula in baby foods, cereals, baked goods, imitation bacon, beverages, vegetarian food and dietary preparations

• Type F Torula used in feed supplements for cattle, hogs, fish, chickens and mink

• Type FP Torula in pet foods

Lignosulfonates from spent sulphite pulping liquor

Cleaning compounds, insecticides, cement, ceramic products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals (hypertension and Parkinson’s Disease), ceramic products, oil well drilling muds, cosmetics, artificial vanilla flavoring, gummed tape, deodorants, hair spray, fungicides, fertilizer, grouting, tanning agents for leather and a static remover for laundry

Spent sulphite liquor is also a binder for animal feed pellets, extender for molasses, linoleum paste, road binder

13-21% of a cord of wood may be bark

• Fuel

• Resins, fatty acids, tannins, waxes, vitamins, and tall oil

• Mulches, soil conditioners and bedding for poultry and livestock

• Plywood adhesives, plastic fillers, lacquers and varnishes, molded products and oil-spill control agents

What should a red-cockaded woodpecker survey include?

Survey methods details

Pine stand characteristics

Number of active and inactive RCW cavity trees observed and the condition of the cavities

Presence of absence of RCW

Topographic quadrangle maps which illustrate the area

what are RCW populations required to be on public and private lands?

Required to be increasing on public lands

Stable in private lands

What are the two set of guidelines for RCW management

The Recovery Standard to increase the population

Managed stability

Managed stability for RCW

• Provide each group of RCW 3000 ft^2 of pine basal area, including only pines >25.4 cm (10in) dbh

• Provide the above pine basal area on a minimum of 75 acre

• Count only pine stands in suitable habitat

  • 30 yrs and older

  • Average pine basal area >10 in between 40 and 70 ft^2/acre

  • Average pine basal <10 in less than 20 ft^2/ac

  • No hardwood midstory (less than 7 ft in height)

  • Total stand basal area less than 80 ft^2/ac

  • Recommended that foraging habitat be within 0.25 mile of the cluster and 200 ft of another stand or the cluster

  • Frequent prescribed burning

for a stand to be considered suitable foraging habitat for RCWs

• Must have an “open” character

• Must have basal area 70 ft^2/ac or less

• must also consider stand quality for determining suitability and use of foraging habitat

How to choose a tree

Consider Maintenance and monitoring

Choose the right spot to plant your tree

Select the right “climate-smart” tree (consider the future climate)

plant in fall and spring not summer

How to remove a tree from its sack or container?

Do not hold the tree by its trunk when sliding the tree out

Do not leave in bright sunlight or hot temperatures before you plant it

Use you hands to tease apart the roots that are “girdling” around the tree

Can also take serrated knife to shave ¼ inch off each side and then cut an “X” to break it up

Causes of forest fragmentation

• Urbanization

• Agriculture expansion

• Infrastructure development: roads, highways

• Logging and deforestation

Consequences of forest fragmentation on plant biodiversity

• Habitat loss

• Reduced genetic diversity

• Edge effects: “forest edges” negatively impact plant species adapted to the stable conditions of the forest interior

• Altered plant communities: invasive and generalist species may outcompete natives

• Decline in ecosystem services

Conservation strategies for forest fragmentation

• Protected areas

• Habitat restoration: planting natives, reducing invasives

• Sustainable land use planning

• Green corridors

• Community engagement

stumpage value

the certain value a standing timber has ($/volume of wood)

factors affecting stumpage value

• Species of trees

• Quality and size

• Location of woodlot

• Prevailing market conditions

• terrain

• amount of wood you have to sell

What is timber cruise?

buyers of timber survey your woods

• Assessment of other factors that will influence the price of the wood

• Measurements

  • Diameter of tree

  • Merchantable height of tree

  • Tree species

  • Subjective quality

1 cord

One cord is a stack of wood 8 ft long, 4 ft high, and 4 ft wide = 128 cubic feet

• However due to stacking of pieces and airspaces often is 80-90 cubic feet

1 Cunit

Cunit = 100 cubic feet of solid wood

Merchantable height

Merchantable height is the number of 16-ft logs that could be cut out of the tree up to a minimum top diameter of 8 inches

1 board foot

Board foot is a piece of wood measuring 1 inch thick, 12 inches wide, and 12 inches long

Doyle Log Rule

• 1825 mathematical formula widely used in S U.S

• Saw kerf of 5/16 inch and slabbing allowance of 4 inches (2x more than normal)

• Underestimates small logs and overestimates large logs

Scribner Log Rule

• 1846 diagram rule

• Draw cross-sections of 1-inch borders within circles at the end view of logs

• ¼ inch for saw kerf

• Do allowance for log taper

• Underestimates logs (especially if the log length is long)

• Scribner Decimal C → round volumes to the nearest 10 board ft

International ¼-Inch Log Rule

• 1906 mathematical formula

• ¼ inch saw kerf

• Taper allowance of ½ inch per 4 feet of log length

• Most consistent and often used as the basis of comparison for log rules

Ecotone

Ecotone is the zone where an ecosystem changes abruptly from one to another

• Increasing environmental stresses

• Opportunity for organisms

• Completely new array of species along an ecotone

What is the Edge Effect?

The mixed ecosystems along ecotones have a greater density and biodiversity due to more landscape elements and vegetation complexity

Management practices for Northern Bobwhite on Private Lands

• Herbicidal eradication of fescue and bermudagrass

• Conversion of row crop to native-warm season grasses (NWSG), forbs, and legumes

• Management of existing grass CRP fields with strip-disking and prescribed fire

• Rotational food plotting

• Establishment of shrub thickets, wooded drains, and corridors 

• Installment of grass/legume field borders on agricultural fields

• Creation of transition zones between forest edges and early successional landscape

• Heavy thinning, herbicidal midstory control, prescribed burning of pine plantations

pulpwood measurement

• Trees sold for pulpwood are often measured by weight, in tons (smaller, lower-quality trees will be chipped)

  • Weight of pulpwood depends on species, how long it has lain on ground after being cut, and time of year

sawtimber measurement

• Sawtimber trees are measured for diameter and merchantable height (more valuable than pulpwood)