Human and Animal Power [AB POWER]

HUMAN AND ANIMAL POWER

Oldest sources of power in the farm

Primary Sources of Power inAgriculture

1. Human labor

2. Draft animals

3. Solar

4. Biomass

5. Wind

6. Flowing water

7. Heat engines

8. Electric motor

fire

greatest discovery of man

wheel

greatest

invention of man

Size of farm

2. Topography

3. Crops grown

4. High cost of equipment

5. High cost and non-availability of fuel

6. Availability of low cost labor

Reasons why human and Animals are still considered the major sources of power in the farm

HUMAN POWER

Poor source of power

0.1 hp

Develops only ___ hp working continuously under favorable conditions (good health, well

fed, and favorable environment).

0.122 hp/ha

human power contribution

judgment; manual labor

Man is best suited to farm operations requiring _____ rather than just _____ _____

Tractive power

to pull equipment (utilization of farm power)

Rotative power

to drive attached or drawn

equipment (utilization of farm power)

Automotive power

to haul (utilization of farm power)

Plowing (Manual with

hoe/spade)

Turning over soil with

hand tools

Harrowing (manual or

with draft animal)

Breaking soil clods,

puddling for rice

200-250 man-hr/ha

Plowing (Manual with

hoe/spade)

man-hr/ha

40-60 man-hr/ha

Carabao-drawn plow

man-hr/ha

30-50 man-hr/ha

Harrowing (manual or

with draft animal)

man-hr/ha

Carabao

major beast of burden

1 hp

carabao can generate __ hp walking continuously under favorable conditions

0.256 hp/ha

contribution of animal power in the farm

10-15%

About how many percent of the weight of the carabao is the optimum draft the animal can sustain

FIELD CAPACITY

the rate at which a machine or an implement can cover a field while performing its intended

function

Theoretical Field Capacity, Ct

rate of field coverage that would be obtained if the machine were performing its function

100% of the time at the rated forward speed and always covered 100% of its rated width

Ct= SW/10

s-kph

W-rate width, m

Ct= ha/hr

formula of Ct

Effective/Actual Field Capacity, CA

Rate of field coverage by the machine based upon the total field time, which is defined as the

sum of the effective operating time and time lost

Ca= A/T

formula of Ca

A- total area covered, ha

T- total time, hr

T= effective operating time + time lost, hr

formula of T

Ca= SWEff/10

formula of Ca

S- kph

W- m

Eff- decimal

Field Efficiency, Eff

Ratio of the actual field capacity to the theoretical field capacity, expressed as percent

Field Efficiency

It includes the effects of time lost in the field and of failure to utilize the full width of the machine

Eff = (Ca/Ct)* 100

formula of Eff

Hp = DaS/274

formula of hp output of animal

Da- adjusted draft, kg

S- kph

Hp= DaS/375

formula of hp output of animal

Da- lb

S- mph

[Problem]

Determine the time required and distance traveled in plowing a one-hectare field using a 13-cm wide

animal-drawn plow with a field efficiency of 70%. If the draft is 60 kg and the animal is traveling at 3 kph,

what is the horsepower output of the animal?

Islaw

the super carabao

Islaw

Can work closer to the levees

Rarely bogs down in mud

Source of milk, meat, leather and fertilizer

10-15%, 2-3 hrs per day; 0.6-0.8 m/s

Can make a maximum sustained pull of _____% of its weight for about _____ hrs/day

at a normal speed of _____ m/s

Solar Energy

Crop and grain drying

Solar thermal conversions

Photovoltaics

1. Falling/flowing of streams of water

through force or gravity

2. Rise and fall of tides through lunar/solar

gravity

Two types of water movement to generate

power

Water Power developed depends on two factors:

1. Volume of water flowing per unit time

2. Head or vertical distance of water drops at

a point where power installation is located

Wind Mill

Used for pumping water

Used for running small electric generating

plants

Wind Mill

Limited for farm use (cannot be controlled and

seldom available when needed)

Generally used for water pumpin

Wind mill

Generally used for water pumping

59.3%

maximum energy or power recovered from

the wind (kinetic energy of motion) [%]

ICE

Highly efficient device for converting heat

energy of fuel into mechanical energy

b. Human Power

The rate of work done by human body.

a. Human work

b. Human Power

c. Human Energy

d. None of the above

c. 0.1 hp

The amount of power available in human for useful

work.

a. 0.5 hp

b. 0.25 hp

c. 0.1 hp

d. None of the above

c. 0.115 hp

If the average power available in human is 0.1 hp,

how much power a 16-year old person can generate?

a. 0.20 5 hp

b. 0.152 hp

c. 0.115 hp

d. None of the above

c. 0.50 hp

The amount of power human can develop from the food

he eats.

a. 0.12 hp

b. 0.25 hp

c. 0.50 hp

d. None of the above

d. 2,000 kcal/day

The minimum energy requirement of human.

a. 1,250 kcal/day

b. 1,500 kcal/day

c. 1,750 kcal/day

d. 2,000 kcal/day

e. None of the above

b. 0.13 hp

A person is doing a work for 4 hours, what is the power

developed by that person?

a. 0.09 hp

b. 0.13 hp

c. 0.15 hp

d. None of the above

0.5 hp

hp from the food he eats (human)

0.1hp

is available for useful work (human)

15%

15% more power at 20 years of age (human)

20%

% less when at 60 years of age (human)

0.6hp-min

hp-min overload power (human)

0.27 to 0.53hp

hp useful power by pedaling (human)

Pg = 0.35 - 0.092 log t

Human Power Formula = hp

t=min

b. 0.103 hp

How much power can a human generate for 8-

hour working period?

a. 0.095 hp

b. 0.103 hp

c. 0.152 hp

d. None of the above

a. 5 persons

A ten-hectare farm is to be planted with rice by

broadcasting. If seeding is required to be finished

within one day (8 hours), how many people would you

recommend to do the job? Man-days per hectare is

3.3. Field efficiency 90%.

a. 5 persons

b. 6 persons

c. 7 persons

d. one of the above

b. 20-25 man-days / hectare

Manpower requirement in transplanting rice.

a. 15-20 man-days / hectare

b. 20-25 man-days / hectare

c. 25-30 man-days / hectare

d. None of the above

60 man-days / hectare

Manpower requirement in harvesting rice.

c. 20%

The conversion efficiency of human.

a. 10%

b. 15%

c. 20%

d. 25%

e. None of the above

a. 0.27 to 0.53 hp

The power human can develop by pedaling.

a. 0.27 to 0.53 hp

b. 0.54 to 0.75 hp

c. 0.76 to 1.00 hp

d. None of the above

d. None of the above

Which of the following is not a manually-operated

machine?

a. Mortar and pestle

b. Pedal thresher

c. Dibbler

d. None of the above

b. decreases

Human efficiency during hot and during humid

condition ___.

a. increases

b. decreases

c. remains the same

d. None of the above

c. 47 persons

Ten hectares of rice farm is to be harvested

manually in 2 days using sickles (8hr/day). If the

field efficiency is 80% and the man-hour/hectare for

harvesting is 60, how many persons will be needed

to harvest the rice from the 10-hectare farm?

a. 27 persons

b. 37 persons

c. 47 persons

d. None of the above

c. Energy requirement

The amount of food energy needed to balance energy

expenditure in order to maintain body size, body

composition and a level of necessary and desirable

physical activity consistent with long-term good health.

a. Food intake

b. Energy balance

c. Energy requirement

d. None of the above

a. Total energy expenditures

The average energy spent in a 24-hour period by an

individual or groups of individuals.

a. Total energy expenditures

b. Average energy expenditure

c. Human energy expenditure

d. None of the above

a. Intelligence

The major advantage of human compared with other

sources of power.

a. Intelligence

b. More power available

c. Longer working time

d. None of the above

b. low power available

The disadvantage of human power compared

with animals and machines is ___.

a. intelligence

b. low power available

c. All of the above

d. None of the above

e. All of the above

Components of energy requirement of human.

a. Metabolism

b. Metabolic response to food

c. Physical activity

d. Growth

e. All of the above

f. None of the above

a. Body mass index

The indicator of weight adequacy in relation to

height of human.

a. Body mass index

b. Body weight-to-height ratio

c. Body adequacy ratio

d. None of the above

c. Heart rate monitoring

A method to measure the daily energy expenditure of human

based on the relationship of heart rate and oxygen consumption

and on minute-by-minute monitoring of heat rate.

a. Heart and oxygen monitoring

b. Daily energy expenditure monitoring

c. Heart rate monitoring

d. None of the above

a. Tool

A human-power implement without moving parts that

facilitates mechanical manual operation.

a. Tool

b. Machine

c. Instrument

d. None of the above

9 - 10%

Performance efficiency for bovines

10 - 12%

Performance efficiency for horse

1/10 to 1/8

The horse working continuously for several

hours and walking at 2.5 mph should not pull more than ___ to ___of its body weight.

0.7 to 1.3 hp

Power range of farm animals

3,000 ft-lb/min

1 hp to lb-ft/min

746 watts

1 hp to watts

b. Draft animal

Large domesticated four-footed animals used as

power for agriculture.

a. Dairy animals

b. Draft animal

c. Game animals

d. None of the above

Saddles

Common method of transporting by putting the load

directly on the back of the animal

80 to

100kg

A donkey can carry around ___ load.

They are cheap and are easy to make and

maintain. They are narrower and has lower center of gravity than cart.

Can be used in steep, wet, and unbearing ground.

200 kg; 0.8 m/s

A pair of oxen can

load about ___ kg at ___m/s over several kilometers.

Cart

A widely used transport equipment in rural areas for hauling

water and firewood as well as agricultural inputs such as seeds,

fertilizer, manure, and harvest. They are used to carry farm products

for trading as well as for social purposes

500 kg; 1000 kg

Carts are available in 2 or 4

wheels and has a load capacity of around ___ when used with

donkeys, and __ kg with a pair of oxen.

d. All of the above

Draft animals are basically used for ___.

a. pulling implements

b. transport

c. stationary operation like milling

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

d. None of the above

Which of the following is not a draft animal?

a. Oxen

b. Water buffalo

c. Horses

d. None of the above

b. Harness

An object used to optimize the energy potential of an

animal in exerting force for transport, pulling of cart or

implement, or for driving animal-powered gear.

a. Implement or cart

b. Harness

c. Person attending the animal

d. None of the above

c. it matches the loading capacity or the load of the

implement

Draft animals are harnessed together for the reason

that ___.

a. they are easier to manage during tilling operation

b. it is more comfortable for the animal to work when

they are harnessed together

c. it matches the loading capacity or the load of the

implement

d. None of the above

c. Donkey

The smallest draft animal.

a. Cow

b. Horse

c. Donkey

d. None of the above

c. Harness

A device that converts energy of animal to useful

work.

a. Head yoke

b. Breast strap

c. Harness

d. None of the above

b. improve the performance efficiency of the animals

in pulling the load

Harness for animals are designed and built

properly to ___.

a. reduce its cost

b. improve the performance efficiency of the animals

in pulling the load

c. make it better looking during tilling

d. All of the above

b. improved animal-implement performance

Good harnessing of draft animals results in a/an

___.

a. healthy animals

b. improved animal-implement performance

c. improved feeding performance of animals

d. None of the above

b. more

gether can provide ___ output than when they are

used to work individually.

a. lesser

b. more

c. the same

d. None of the above

b. Yoke

The commonly used harness for bovines.

a. Collar

b. Yoke

c. Head yoke

d. None of the above

b. 5 to 10 times

Animals is ___ powerful than human.

a. 1 to 4 times

b. 5 to 10 times

c. 11 to 15 times

d. None of the above

c. Horses

Draft animals that are harnessed in multiple

numbers.

a. Buffalo

b. Cow

c. Horses

d. All of the above