AP HUGE Models of Urban Structure

Concentric Zone Model

* Ernst Burgess
* Chicago 1920s
* 1st model to predict urban growth
* Observes that a city grows outward from its CBD in a series of concentric rings.
* Working class close to factory jobs; outside ring for richer people with vehicles
* “Bullseye”

Sector Model

* Homer Hoyt
* Chicago 1930s
* Based on transportation routes
* Focused on residential patterns of where the wealthy chose to live
* City grows out from the center but goes to outer edges
* Middle class is split up

Multiple-Nuclei Model

* 1940s
* CBD loses its dominant position
* Harris and Ullman
* Newer faster growing cities
* Each urban realm has its own “downtown”
* A city model should be divided into multiple focus points/nodes.

4 main factors:


1. Highly specialized activities involve specific sites

(Industry must be close to major roads, airports, and railways)
2. Related companies find it economically beneficial to arrange themselves together

(health services located by each other)
3. Can cause pollution
4. Economic considerations influence the formation of other kinds of nodes

(Warehouses locate further from the city because they require a lot of lands)

\

Galactic Model

* Also known as “The Peripheral Model”
* Pierce Lewis
* 1980s
* Shows what occurred in metro areas that became decentralized after automobile use became more popular. Includes business centers, and edge cities that are located along transportation routes. Airports are located outside the city.
* EX: Detroit and LA

Griffin-Ford Model: Latin America

* 1980s
* It blends Latin American Culture with globalization
* CBD has 2 parts: market and high-rise sector
* Disamentiy sector- poorest area (near outside) known as barrios/favelas
* Reflects the enormous gap between the rich and poor
* Commercial Spine - area of wealth and prestige
* Law of Indies -1500s planning and layout cities
* A radial road (perifico) circles the city. Has squatter settlements and disamenity zones.
* EX: Mexico City

\

African City Model

* Model looks like a mix of sectors and concentric rings
* Created by Harm de Blij
* 3 CBDs (remnant of colonial CBD, informal and periodic zone, transitional business center)
* Vertical development usually takes place in colonial CBD
* Ethnic and mixed neighborhoods surround the CBDs
* The poorest residents live in squatters and shantytowns in the outer rings

Southeast Asian City Model/McGee Model

* Focal point is the old colonial port zone and the commercial district that surrounds it
* No formal CBD, but informal markets surround the port and government zones
* The poorer residents reside further away from the port zone
* More middle class
* TG McGee
* 1967
* goes back and forth from suburb to squatter settlement
* EX: Kuala Lumpar, Malaysia and Jarkata, Indonesia

\