CHROMATOGRAPHY

Chromatography

Used for separating mixtures and purifying compounds

Fractions

What is the goal of chromatography?

Color

Chroma means what?

To write

Graphein is callde what?

International union of pure and applied chemistry

IUPAC means

Chromatography

Physical method of separation in which the mixture or components to be separated are distributed between two phases

Chromatogram

Graphical or other presentation of detector, response, concentration of analyte in the effluent, or other quantity used as a measure of effluent concentration versus effluent volume or time

Stationary phase

Solid or liquid fixed on a surface or packed inside a column that does not move, allowing the mobiile phase to flow through it

Solid, gas, and liquid

Examples of stationary phase

Mobile phase

Percolates through or along the stationary bed in a definite direction

Gas or liquid

What can be used for mobile phase?

Planar or columnar

Mobile phase can either be what?

Adsorption and partition

What are the modes of separation?

Liquid-solid chromatography

Adsorption is the mode of separation of what kind of chromatography?

Most soluble

What molecules move faster in mobile phase?

Polar functional groups

Mixture of adsorption is separated into what?

Solubility of the elution solvent and adsorption forces binding the solid phase

What are the forces in adsorption

Slowly

The strongly adsorbed molecule on the stationary phase will move what?

Faster

Weakly adsorbed will move whaT?

Partition

What mode of separation is used in liquid-liquid chromatography?

Partition

Based on relative solubility in an organic solvent an an aqueous solvent

Separatory funnel

Where is partition performed?

Polar molecules

What remains in the aqueous solvent?

Organic solvent

Where does the nonpolar molecule extracted?

Finely ground alumina (aluminum oxide Al2O3) and silicic acid (silica gel, SiO2)

Common adsorbents

Eluent

Mobile phase in chromatography

Eluate

Liquid that emerges from the column and contain the separated components of the sample

Eluate

Portion of the the eluent that has passed through the stationary phase

Analytes

Separated components of the sample

Alumina

What has the greatest adsorption?

Silica gel

2nd adsorbent material?

Magnesium sulfate

3rd greatest adsorption material?

Cellulose paper

What is the least adsorbent material?

Water

What has the greatest solvation?

Pentane

What has the least solvation?

Water, methane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, dcm, cyclohexane, pentane

Increasing solvation of polar materials (W, M, E, EA, DE, D, CH, P)

Gas

In gas chromatography what is used as a mobile phase?

Liquid or solid

In gas chromatography what is used as a stationary phase?

No

Does the mobile phase interact with molcules of the analyte?

Modern high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Uses pressure for fast separations, controlled temperature, inline detectors, and gradient elution techniques

Pressure

What is used HPLC for fast separation?

Pumps

Forces the mobile phase through the column at a much greater velocity than that accomplished by gravity flow columns

Long stainless-steel columns

What is used to contain the stationary phase?

Ambient temperature

HPLC is run at what temp?