Studied by 3 people
2.1: TRF = Peruvian Amazon, Coral Reef = Andros Barrier Reef | 2.2 LIDC = Ethiopia, Major city in EDC = Istanbul
What percentage of the world’s bird species live in the Peruvian TRF?
[Val][En]
44%
What percentage of the world’s mammal species live in the Peruvian TRF?
[Val][En]
63%
What is the climate of the Peruvian TRF like?
- Avg. temp
- Avg. precipitation
Hot and wet:
- 28°C
- 2600mm
How many indigenous communities live within Peruvian TRF?
[Val][S]
63
How much money does the TRF contribute to Peru’s GDP?
[Val][Ec]
From tourism= $750 million - 4%.
What percentage of the world’s plant-derived cancer cures are found in TRF?
[Val][S]
75%
How many hydroelectric dams are planned to be built?
What is an advantage AND disadvantage of this?
[Peru TRF][En]
15 dams
Advantage: provides locals with jobs, hydrocelectric energy is clean
Disadvantage: floods rainforest - destroying habitats, waste decomposes releases CO2
What could the consequences be of using the reserves of oil and natural gas for energy be?
[Peru TRF][En]
Oil leaks → pollution
Natural gas located in one of the most biodiverse parts of the rainforest → Roads and pipelines will cause deforestation, pollution & decreased biodiversity
What are the consequences of logging?
[Peru TRF][Threats][En+Ec]
97% of logging is illegal!
Provides locals with jobs
Water cycle affected - less evapotranspiration → less rainfall → droughts
Carbon cycle - less CO2 removed from atmosphere
CO2 released (carbon sink)
Loss of habitats → less biodiversity
What are the consequences of gold mining?
[Peru TRF][Threats][S+En]
large-scale deforestation and loss of minerals
mercury enters water sources → poisons animals & humans.
Where is the Purus-Manu Conservation Corridor located?
[Peru TRF][Management]
Southeast Peru, bordering Brazil in South America.
- Madre de Dios region.
What is the area of land protected by the Purus-Manu Conservation Corridor?
[Peru TRF][Management]
10 million hectares
How many forest concessions are there in the Purus-Manu Conservation Corridor?
Why are they there?
[Peru TRF][Management]
120 forest concessions
- Allow economic gain and jobs for locals
- Discourages illegal logging
Due to management, reduction in illegal logging has occurred in how many of the four river basins?
3/4
What are the characteristics for coral reefs?
[Andros CR]
Warmth - 18°C+ water
Shallow water (less than 25m deep) - corals feed on photosynthetic algae, which need light.
Clear water - sediment reduces light → affects coral’s ability to feed
Describe the interdependent relationship between zooxanthellae and polyps.
Polyps provide zooxanthellae with shelter and CO2, which it needs to photosynthesise.
Zooxanthellae provides coral with food (glucose, glycerol and amino acids) and oxygen.
Where is the Andros Barrier Reef located?
In Caribbean sea, east of Andros island of the Bahamas. Along Tropic of Cancer.
How many people in LICs worldwide rely on coral reefs for food?
[Val][S]
1 billion.
How much money does the Andros Barrier Reef provide to the Bahamas’ GDP?
[Val][Ec]
From Tourism = $150 million - 50%
What percentage of the world’s marine species live within coral reefs?
[Val][En]
25%
Where may cancer cures be found in a coral reef?
[Val][S]
chemicals released by coral
What effects can overfishing have on coral reefs?
[Andros CR][Threats][En]
Corals killed by physical contact from anchors; nets; boat hulls; hands/feet.
Overfishing one species impacts interdependent relationships and food chain.
What are the consequences of global warming on a coral reef?
[Andros CR][Threats][En]
Stress reaction in corals → expulsion of zooxanthellae → impacts nutrient flows → causes coral bleaching.
Food chain impacted.
What impact can land-based pollution have on coral reefs?
[Andros CR][Threats][En]
Decrease of light passing through the water reduces algae’s photosynthesis and corals’ ability to feed.
What does the Andros Westside National Park do?
[Andros CR][Management]
Western half of Andros Island - covers 1.5 million acres.
Areas of the reef are protected.
Fishing and scuba diving are regulated
What does the North Marine Park do?
[Andros CR][Management]
North Andros - 5000 acres
Protects coral reefs and parks on land
Sustainable fishing and eco-tourism.
What does the Crab Replenishment Reserve do?
[Andros CR][Management]
Central Andros - 4000 acres
Protects land where crabs burrow and deposit eggs
Support crab population (which is a food source in Andros)
What does the Coral Nursery do?
[Andros CR][Management]
Coral at risk of dying are cut and replanted in more ideal growing conditions.
Describe Ethiopia’s location
Include: Location in continent
Bordering countries
Impact on economic development
Ethiopia is a land-locked LIDC located in East Africa.
Some of the countries it is bordered by are Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Sudan.
There is conflict in some of these neighboring countries which hinders the development of Ethiopia.
Being landlocked inhibits development as it is harder to trade.
Describe the landscape of Ethiopia
Include: the locations of the different landscapes
The impact of the landscapes on economic development
Ethiopia has highland regions with mountains reaching up to 4500m in the center and west of the country.
It is difficult to farm in due to the steep relief, which inhibits growth, development and employment. However, it does encourage some tourism
Ethiopia also has lowland regions in the south.
Here the land is fertile enough for agriculture, crops can be grown, providing employment. However, as livestock are limited to the lowlands, agriculture can lead to overgrazing and desertification. Also most farming is subsistence farming rather than employment.
There are arid regions in the east of Ethiopia. Here the land isn’t fertile enough to grow crops, this can lead to unemployment and starvation.
Describe the climate of Ethiopia
Include: locations
The impact of the climate on economic development
In the highlands the climate is cooler and wetter, supporting agriculture and coffee, cotton and grains grow well in the highland areas. These crops can be sold for trade.
The lowlands experience hotter and drier conditions and suffer from drought, soil erosion and desertification. These conditions inhibit grazing and employment. Dry conditions → drought → death
Describe the ecosystems of Ethiopia
Include: the impact of the ecosystems on economic development
Ethiopia has a variety of ecosystems:
The mountainous regions encourage tourism, leading to economic growth.
The deserts (arid regions) hinder development because they’re too dry and hot for agriculture
The forests and savannahs help development because the fertile soil can be used for agriculture.
Describe the natural resources of Ethiopia
Include: availability
Type
The impact of the resources on economic development
Ethiopia has small reserves of: gold, platinum, copper and natural gas.
However as Ethiopia doesn’t have the resources for extraction, these haven’t been extracted much or driven development yet.
Although there is one large-scale goldmine and mining contributes 21%+ of the total value of Ethiopia’s exports
However, as it is landlocked, were Ethiopia to extract its natural resources it would be difficult to export and trade them.
Describe Ethiopia’s political history pre-1935
How did this impact development?
[Political development]
Ethiopia was one of two African countries that avoided colonisation by Europeans;
Natural resources and labour weren’t exploited
People weren’t enslaved, leading to a better quality of life and life expectancy
Allowed economic growth
Describe Ethiopia’s political history 1935-41
How did this impact development?
[Political development]
Italy colonised Ethiopia during WWII. Rebels and British troops gained back independence after;
Italy invested in infrastructure (such as highways and power).
Better access to jobs
Conflict, instability and loss of life leading to lower life expectancy, economic decline and worsened standard of living.
Describe Ethiopia’s political history 1941-74
How did this impact development?
[Political development]
Instability and set-backs following the colonisation; unrest, drought and famine lead to a successful military coup in 1974 which evicted Ethiopia’s government;
Conflict, drought and famine increased death rate and lowered life expectancy
Military coup’s many arrests banishment and deaths lead to unhappiness and lower life expectancy.
Poverty increased and less social development.
Describe Ethiopia’s political history 1974-87
How did this impact development?
[Political development]
1.4million+ people died in the civil war. Derg government remained in power until 1987
1977-78 = “Ethiopian Red Terror” - the government occupied land from farmers and evicted them;
Red terror → migration, refugees, economic decline → lower HDI
1.5 million were forcibly relocated
Famine → worsened health
Describe Ethiopia’s political history 1984-5
How did this impact development?
[Political development]
Agricultural productivity declined due to the Derg government. From the mid-1980s Ethiopia suffered extreme drought and famine, which killed more that 1 million. International agencies and foreign aid provided food;
Famine slowed development, lower HDI, high death rate, poor health
$2 billion in food delivered. However, Ethiopia had remained food deficient
Aid reduced death rate
Ethiopia could become dependent on aid.
Describe Ethiopia’s political history 1991-2001
How did this impact development?
[Political development]
An international spotlight on famine and the collapse of the Soviet Union meant other countries stabilised the nation and removed the Derg government from power.
The new government allowed free trade and provided farmers with equipment and lower tax
Happiness and better QOL
Farming tax lifted, farming encouraged → economic development and more employment
Decreased the likelihood of another famine
Trade leads to economic growth
What are Ethiopia’s main imports?
Include: Importance
Air/space craft
Gas and petroleum
Medicines
Cars and trucks
Telephones
Ethiopia’s imports are very costly ($8 billion)
What are Ethiopia’s main exports?
Include: Importance
Coffee
Seeds
Gold
Flowers
Vegetables
Ethiopia’s imports are valued at only $2 billion as they are lower quality goods.
Ethiopia is in a trade deficit, so debt remains and there is less government income to support development.
Half of its GDP (income) comes from agriculture
Give examples of advantages and disadvantages of International investment by TNCs (Trans-National Corporations)
[Ethiopia]
Advantages:
Create jobs
Investment in infrastructure can increase tourism (hotels)
Bring education, training and skills
Build transport infrastructure
Workers may be paid higher wages
Disadvantages:
May be paid a low salary (regulations and rights are less strict in LIDCs) or have poor working conditions
TNCs generally damage the environment
Describe Ethiopia’s population
How has this impacted development?
High birth rate and low death rate has rapidly increased Ethiopia’s population since the 1950s.
Healthcare is improving, life expectancy is increasing → population grows.
Ethiopia has a youthful population
Describe Ethiopia’s employment
The country is reliant on agriculture - providing 85% of all exports. Agriculture is largely subsistence, so not much money is generated.
Secondary and tertiary workers are increasing in numbers due to the investment of TNCs.
Describe Ethiopia’s access to education
98% of children enrol in primary school, which has risen from only 50%.
The education gap is closing - 95% of girls are in primary school, but there are very few girls in secondary schools
Adult literacy rate is only 51%
Describe Ethiopia’s healthcare provision
60% of women have access to contraception → lower birth rate → more years spent in education → higher literacy rates and higher-paying jobs
Child mortality has decreased from 97/1000 to 45/1000. However, rural regions lag behind
100% of people have access to mosquito nets
Describe Istanbul’s location
Include: Location in continent/world
Impact on economic development
Istanbul is a megacity located in North Western Turkey. It is in both Asia and Europe as it is divided by the Bosphorus Strait.
Istanbul has been the capital of three large empires in the past, leading to economic growth and a variety of cultures.
Note 
Flashcard (42)