external factors (page 17-25)

Cultural Deprivation

A theory suggesting that children from disadvantaged backgrounds lack the necessary cultural equipment for educational success.

Cultural Equipment

The basic values, attitudes, and skills needed for educational success, developed during primary socialization.

Hubbs-Tait et al (2002)

Research indicating that parental use of challenging language fosters children's evaluation of their understanding.

Leon Feinstein (2008)

Found that educated parents use language more effectively to encourage children's sense of competence.

Bereiter and Engelmann (1966)

Claimed that working-class language is deficient, limiting children's ability to think abstractly.

Restricted Code

A type of language used by the working class, characterized by a limited vocabulary and grammatically simple sentences.

Elaborated Code

The language typically used by the middle class, with a wider vocabulary and more complex grammatical structures.

Basil Bernstein

Identified the differences in speech codes between working-class and middle-class children which influence educational achievement.

Douglas

Found that working-class parents often value education less, leading to lower ambitions and less support for their children.

Parental Educational Behaviors

Educated parents provide better guidance, support, and resources that aid their children's educational development.

Sugarman's Features of Working-Class Subcultures

Identifies fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, and present-time orientation as barriers to educational achievement.

Compensatory Education

Programs aimed at overcoming cultural deprivation by providing extra resources for children from deprived backgrounds.

Operation Head Start

A U.S. program providing preschool education and resources to children from poorer families.

Nell Keddie

Criticized the cultural deprivation theory as a victim-blaming explanation for educational failure.

Material Deprivation

Refers to poverty and the lack of material necessities that significantly impact educational achievement.

Department for Education (2012)

Reported that only a third of pupils eligible for free school meals achieve high GCSE scores.

Marilyn Howard

Noted the correlation between poor nutrition and negative health outcomes affecting children's education.

David Bull

Described the 'costs of free schooling' which burden poor families, hindering educational opportunities.

Callender & Jackson

Found that working-class students are more debt-averse and reluctant to take on student loans for higher education.

Cultural Capital

The knowledge, attitudes, values, and abilities of the middle class that contribute to educational success.

Educational Capital

The academic qualifications and achievements that enhance a child's chances for success.

Economic Capital

The financial resources available to families which can be invested in education.

Selection by Mortgage

The phenomenon where affluent families drive up property prices in areas of successful schools, excluding working-class families.

Alice Sullivan

Conducted a study on cultural capital showing that engagement in complex cultural activities correlates with academic achievement.

Financial Aid

Support provided to students, often influencing their ability to attend university and succeed academically.

Hyperactivity, Anxiety & Conduct Disorders

Common issues among children from lower social classes that adversely affect their educational performance.

Collectivism

The value placed on group membership over individual success, often seen in working-class subcultures.

Immediate Gratification

The preference for short-term rewards over long-term benefits, affecting educational aspirations.

Educational Priority Areas

Programs in the UK aimed at providing extra resources to underperforming and deprived schools.

Sure Start

An initiative aiming to support children and families through early education and community resources.

Working-Class Culture

A distinct set of values and attitudes that may lead to underachievement in the educational system.

Parents' Education's Influence

The argument that parental education significantly affects children's educational achievements regardless of economic status.

Emotional and Behavioral Problems

Psychological issues more prevalent among children from poorer homes, hindering academic success.

Legacy of Cultural Capital

The enduring impact of cultural advantages that middle-class children tend to inherit, influencing their education.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation based on external rewards rather than internal satisfaction, impacting students' educational engagement.

Truancy

The act of staying away from school without permission, often linked to socioeconomic factors.

Parent-School Interaction

The level of communication and involvement parents have with their children's schools, affecting educational outcomes.

Discipline Styles

Different parenting approaches that influence children's independence, self-control, and motivation.

Income and Achievement Correlation

The relationship between a family’s income level and the academic success of their children.

Poverty's Impact on Education

The various ways in which economic hardship adversely affects children's educational opportunities and outcomes.

Educational Disparities

The inequalities in educational quality and outcomes between different groups, often influenced by socioeconomic status.

Social Mobility

The ability of individuals or families to move up or down the social ladder, often linked to education and economic opportunity.

Achievement Gap

The difference in academic performance between groups of students, especially between those from different socioeconomic backgrounds.

Parental Involvement

The active participation of parents in their children's education, influencing academic success.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

An individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, often affecting access to educational resources.

School Funding Inequities

Disparities in the distribution of financial resources among schools, impacting educational quality.

Federal Education Programs

Government initiatives designed to improve educational opportunities, particularly for low-income students.

Neighborhood Effects

The influence of the surrounding community's socioeconomic status on children's educational outcomes.

Cognitive Development

The progression of a child's ability to think, learn, and understand, which can be affected by their environment.

Transition Programs

Educational efforts aimed at facilitating students' moves between different levels of education, such as from primary to secondary school.