Exam 2 Pathophysiology

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering key GI and endocrine topics from the lecture notes.

Acute gastritis (Definition)

Sudden gastric mucosal inflammation.

Acute gastritis (Patho)

Mucosal barrier disruption → direct acid/pepsin injury.

Acute gastritis (Risk factors)

NSAIDs, alcohol, H. pylori, severe stress/illness.

Acute gastritis (Cues)

Epigastric pain, N/V, hematemesis.

Chronic gastritis (Definition)

Long-standing gastric inflammation leading to atrophy.

Chronic gastritis (Patho)

H. pylori or autoimmune → progressive mucosal atrophy.

Chronic gastritis (Risk factors)

H. pylori, autoimmune disease, chronic NSAIDs.

Chronic gastritis (Cues)

Vague epigastric discomfort, early satiety, B12 deficiency.

GERD (Definition)

Chronic reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus.

GERD (Patho)

LES dysfunction ± hiatal hernia → acid exposure.

GERD (Risk factors)

Obesity, pregnancy, trigger foods/meds, hiatal hernia.

GERD (Cues)

Heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, chronic cough/hoarseness.

Acute pancreatitis (Definition)

Sudden inflammation of the pancreas.

Acute pancreatitis (Patho)

Premature enzyme activation → autodigestion/inflammation.

Acute pancreatitis (Risk factors)

Gallstones, alcohol, meds, trauma, hypertriglyceridemia.

Acute pancreatitis (Cues)

Severe epigastric pain radiating to back, N/V, fever.

Chronic pancreatitis (Definition)

Progressive pancreatic inflammation/fibrosis.

Chronic pancreatitis (Patho)

Repeated injury → scarring → exocrine/endocrine failure.

Chronic pancreatitis (Risk factors)

Chronic alcohol use, genetic/autoimmune causes.

Chronic pancreatitis (Cues)

Chronic epigastric pain, steatorrhea, DM, weight loss.

Diverticulosis (Definition)

Colonic outpouchings present without inflammation.

Diverticulitis (Definition)

Inflamed/infected diverticula.

Diverticulitis (Patho)

Trapped fecalith → bacterial overgrowth → localized inflammation.

Diverticulitis (Risk factors)

Low fiber diet, aging, obesity, smoking.

Diverticulitis (Cues)

LLQ pain, fever, leukocytosis, constipation/diarrhea.

Crohn's disease (Definition)

Transmural IBD affecting any GI segment; skip lesions.

Crohn's disease (Risk factors)

Genetics, smoking, dysregulated immunity.

Crohn's disease (Cues)

Cramping, chronic diarrhea, weight loss, perianal disease.

Ulcerative colitis (Definition)

IBD limited to colon/rectum; continuous mucosal disease.

Ulcerative colitis (Risk factors)

Genetics, dysregulated immunity.

Ulcerative colitis (Cues)

Bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, left-sided abdominal pain.

Hepatitis A (Transmission)

Fecal–oral (contaminated food/water, poor hygiene, travel).

Hepatitis B (Transmission)

Blood/body fluids (unprotected sex, needle sharing, needlestick, perinatal).

Hepatitis C (Transmission)

Bloodborne (IV drug use, pre-1992 transfusions, unsterile tattoos).

Genitourinary—Stress incontinence (Definition)

Leakage with increased abdominal pressure due to pelvic floor weakness.

Genitourinary—Urge incontinence (Definition)

Sudden urge with involuntary loss from detrusor overactivity.

Genitourinary—Functional incontinence (Definition)

Normal urinary system; physical/cognitive barriers to toileting.

Genitourinary—Overflow incontinence (Definition)

Chronic retention with dribbling from obstruction/weak detrusor.

Genitourinary—Neurogenic incontinence (Definition)

Incontinence due to neurologic disorders (SCI, MS, stroke).

UTI—cystitis (Definition)

Bacterial infection of the lower urinary tract.

UTI—cystitis (Patho)

Ascending infection; E. coli most common.

UTI—cystitis (Risk factors)

Female sex, sexual activity, catheters, DM.

UTI—cystitis (Cues)

Dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, hematuria.

Urolithiasis (Definition)

Stones/crystals forming anywhere in the urinary tract.

Urolithiasis (Patho)

Urine supersaturation → crystallization and stone growth.

Urolithiasis (Risk factors)

Dehydration, high Na/oxalate diet, meds, family history.

Urolithiasis (Cues)

Severe colicky flank pain, hematuria, N/V.

Pyelonephritis (Definition)

Infection of renal pelvis and parenchyma.

Pyelonephritis (Patho)

Ascending UTI or hematogenous spread to kidney.

Pyelonephritis (Risk factors)

Structural abnormalities, pregnancy, DM, immunocompromise.

Pyelonephritis (Cues)

Fever/chills, flank pain, CVA tenderness, N/V.

Polycystic kidney disease—ADPKD (Definition)

Inherited cystic kidney disorder.

Polycystic kidney disease—ADPKD (Patho)

Ciliary dysfunction → cyst formation/enlargement.

Polycystic kidney disease—ADPKD (Risk factors)

Family history (autosomal dominant).

Polycystic kidney disease—ADPKD (Cues)

Flank pain, hematuria, HTN, progressive renal failure.

Chronic kidney disease (Definition)

Progressive, irreversible ↓ GFR → uremia.

Chronic kidney disease (Patho)

Nephron loss from DM, HTN, PKD, glomerulonephritis.

Chronic kidney disease (Risk factors)

Diabetes, hypertension, PKD.

Chronic kidney disease (Cues)

Fluid overload, electrolyte issues, anemia, bone disease, uremic symptoms.

Acromegaly (Definition)

Excess GH in adults after epiphyseal closure.

Acromegaly (Patho)

Usually GH-secreting pituitary adenoma.

Acromegaly (Cues)

Enlarged hands/feet/facial features, arthralgias, sleep apnea.

Gigantism (Definition)

Excess GH in children before epiphyseal closure.

Gigantism (Patho)

GH excess from pituitary adenoma/hypersecretion.

Gigantism (Cues)

Excessive linear growth, very tall stature, large hands/feet.

Dwarfism—GH deficiency (Definition)

Short stature from pituitary GH deficiency/resistance.

Dwarfism—GH deficiency (Patho)

Pituitary dysfunction or GH receptor issues.

Dwarfism—GH deficiency (Cues)

Short stature, delayed puberty, hypoglycemia.

Hypothyroidism (Patho)

Thyroid failure (Hashimoto), iodine deficiency, post-ablative.

Hypothyroidism (Cues)

Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, bradycardia, constipation.

Hyperthyroidism (Patho)

Graves’ (autoimmune), toxic nodules, thyroiditis.

Hyperthyroidism (Cues)

Weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, anxiety/tremor.

Hyperparathyroidism (Patho)

Adenoma/hyperplasia → ↑ PTH → hypercalcemia.

Hyperparathyroidism (Cues)

“Stones, bones, groans, thrones” (kidney stones, bone pain, GI sx, polyuria).

Hypoparathyroidism (Patho)

Post-surgical loss or autoimmune destruction.

Hypoparathyroidism (Cues)

Hypocalcemia: tetany, paresthesias, Chvostek/Trousseau signs.

Diabetes insipidus (Patho)

↓ ADH (central) or renal resistance (nephrogenic).

Diabetes insipidus (Cues)

Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, hypernatremia, dilute urine.

SIADH (Patho)

Excess ADH (CNS disease, lung pathology, malignancy, meds).

SIADH (Cues)

Hyponatremia, low serum osmolality, confusion, seizures, euvolemia.

Cushing’s disease (Definition)

Pituitary ACTH excess → ↑ cortisol.

Cushing’s disease (Cues)

Central obesity, moon face, purple striae, HTN, hyperglycemia.

Addison’s disease (Patho)

Autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency → ↓ cortisol ± ↓ aldosterone.

Addison’s disease (Cues)

Fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hypotension, hyperkalemia.

Type 1 DM (Definition)

Autoimmune β-cell destruction → absolute insulin deficiency.

Type 1 DM (Cues)

Younger/rapid onset, polyuria/polydipsia, weight loss, DKA risk.

Type 2 DM (Definition)

Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency; gradual onset.

Type 2 DM (Risk factors)

Obesity, metabolic syndrome, family history, sedentary lifestyle.

Type 2 DM (Cues)

May be asymptomatic; risk of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state; fatigue, recurrent infections.

Diabetes mellitus (Similarities)

Hyperglycemia; polyuria/polydipsia; require glucose monitoring; share long-term complications.

Diabetes mellitus (Complications—Acute)

DKA (T1), HHS (T2), hypoglycemia (therapy-related).

Diabetes mellitus (Complications—Chronic)

Nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, CVD/PAD, poor wound healing, ↑ infections.

Metabolic acidosis (Definition)

pH < 7.35 with HCO3− < 22 mEq/L

Metabolic acidosis (Causes)

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA); lactic acidosis; renal failure; diarrhea (bicarbonate loss); methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning

Metabolic acidosis (Clinical manifestations)

Kussmaul breathing (deep; rapid); nausea/vomiting; confusion/lethargy; hyperkalemia; warm; flushed skin

Metabolic alkalosis (Definition)

pH > 7.45 with HCO3− > 26 mEq/L

Metabolic alkalosis (Causes)

Prolonged vomiting (loss of gastric acid); diuretic use; hyperaldosteronism; excessive antacid use

Metabolic alkalosis (Clinical manifestations)

Hypoventilation (compensatory); muscle cramps or tetany; confusion; hypokalemia; paresthesias

Positive feedback (Definition)

Output enhances or amplifies the original stimulus