Cephalons

Gyrus

Ridge 

Basal Ganglia Function

Initiate, regulate, and fine tune movement

Basal Ganglia

Caudate, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei, globus paladus, putamen

Sulcus

Crevice

Glial Cells

Support type cells

Gray Matter

Neuronal cell bodies are found on the outer edges (non-myelinated) communicate with inner layers

White Matter

Axons with myelin, tracts connecting different processing centers

Cerebral Cortex

Outer layer filled with cell bodies

Wrinkle

Increase SA to be able to fit nerve cells

Commissural Fibers

Connect opposite hemispheres (corpus callosum, anterior, posterior commissure)

Association Fibers

Connect cortical areas on same hemisphere (cingulum, fasciculi, U-fibers)

Projection Fibers

Connect cortical areas with deep nuclei, brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord (down, up).

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Telencephalon, Diencephalon

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

Medial Longitudinal Fissure

Separates L and R hemispheres

Corpus Callosum

Connects L and R hemispheres (white tracts)

Left Hemisphere

Talking, writing, arithmetic, science, reasoning (right side of body)

Right Hemisphere

Music awareness, 3D perception, art awareness, imagination, idea (left side of body)

Telencephalon

Cerebral cortex

Lateral Fissure

Separates temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal

Central Sulcus

Separates frontal and parietal

Parieto-occipital Fissure

Seperates parietal and occipital lobe

Primary Cortices

Regions in the cortex that receive unprocessed sensory information or execute voluntary movement (sensory, motor, association)

Primary Motor Cortex Location

The frontal lobe in the pre-central gyrus (face toward temporal lobe with trunk towards central sulcus)

Somatosensory Cortex Location

Parietal lobe in the post-central gyrus (face toward temporal lobe with trunk towards central sulcus)

Homunculus

Gyrus contains a representation of body

Primary Motor Cortex

Executes voluntary movement

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Receives somatosensory information from the body.

Face Area in Homunculus

Lower part of the post-central gyrus

Visual Cortex

Occipital lobe

Calcarine Sulcus 

Splits the visual cortex into two (cuneus, and lingual gyrus) straddles Vi

Cuneus Gyrus

Visual areas on medial side above calcarine (lower visual field)

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

Relays visual information in the thalamus

Right Retina

Left Visual Field

Left Retina

Right Visual Field

Right Visual Field

Left occipital Hemisphere

Left Visual Field

Right Occipital Hemisphere

Lingual Gyrus

Visual areas on medial side below calcarine and above collateral sulcus, upper visual fields.

Striate Cortex

Optic radiation from LGN with stripped appearance (white line) due to massive fiber input

Line of Gennari

Main termination site of fibers from LGN

Retinotopic Map

Output from retina mapped spatially into V1, but its inverted because of eye lens

Auditory Cortex

The temporal lobe contains. a tonotopic map for sound frequencies

Association Cortices

Everything else, which helps make sense of the input from primary sensory cortices. Helps drive output from the motor cortex, and each lobe has a different general function.

Split Brain Experiments

Could only verbally report on objects flashed into their right visual field. Could only identify objects flashed into their left visual hemisphere (association was not made)

Frontal Lobe

Primary cortex of movement and speech. Association cortex (executive functions): planning, moderating social behavior, reasoning, inhibiting emotional impulses, and focus.

Upper Visual Field

Lingual Gyrus

Lower Visual Field

Cuneus Gyrus

Psychopaths

Inactive frontal lobe

Parietal Lobe

Attention fields are important for visually guided behavior.

Paying Attention

Parietal lobe involving lateralization (right hemisphere focuses on both field while left hemisphere focuses on right visual field)

Attention Neurons

Most found in right hemisphere, paying attention to something (object movement). 

Lateralization

Left hemisphere lights up when paying attention to right visual fields, and right hemisphere lights up when paying attention to both left and right visual fields.

Temporal Lobe

Recognizing and IDing objects (auditory cortex). Phonological awareness

Fusiform Gyrus

Temporal lobe that recognizes faces

Cingulate Gyrus

Superior to corpus callosum and is involved in the limbic system. Functions in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory

Prospagnosia

Inability to recognize faces

Dyslexia

Thinning of temporal lobe

Stronger Reading

Associated with an increased cortical thickness in posterior superior temporal gyrus

Left Superior Temporal Sulcus

Audiovisual integration during speech perception

Limbic Centers

Amygdala, Hippocampus, Cingulate Gyrus, Anterior Thalamic Nuclei, Fornix, Mammilary Body

Basal Ganglia

Group of nuclei that initiate movement and some memory (caudate, globus pallidus. putamen, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei)

Limbic System

Emotions and memory, including mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei, adding context to primary information.

Hippocampus

Short-term memories are made (size correlates to memory)

Amygdala

Feelings, processes and contextualizes emotions (fear, threat response by activating limbic response

Amydala Nuclei

Medial group, central group, basolateral group

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

General atrophy of amygdala, no fear of external events

Diencephalon

Thalamus, hypothalmus, epithalamus, subthalamus, and posterior pituitary gland

Thalamus

A pair of bilateral structure that deal with contralateral body and the ipsilateral cortex (relays sensory, motor, and limbic information)

Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin, modulating sleep patterns (sensitive to light)

Hypothalamus

One midline structure, regulates visceral, somatic, and behavioral response (ANS control)

Posterior Pituitary

Hangs off hypothalamus and is direct and indirect control of endocrine state of body

Epithalamus

Pineal gland and habenular nuclei

Mesencephalon

Midbrain

Metencephalon

Pons

Myelencephalon

Medulla

Midbrain

Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness, alertness, and temperature regulation

Split Brain Experiment

Only verbally report on objects in right visual field

Only identify objects by touch from left visual field

Pons

Sleep, respiration, swalloing, bladder control, hearing, taste, eye movement, facial expressons, and posture 

Medulla

Cardiovascular center, respiration, reflex center

Tectum

Colliculi, which relay centers for vision and auditory tracts

Tegmentum

Reticular formation: loose network of neurons with varies function

Basis

Pontine fibers: fescending tracts

Superior Colliculi

Visual information

Inferior Colliculi

Auditory information