biochemistry 30s 👩‍🔬

the study of the chemistry of living organisms

define biochemistry

the building block of matter

what is an atom?

a particular type of atom

what is an element?

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

which four elements make up 96% of living organisms?

hydrogen-white

oxygen-red

nitrogen-blue

carbon-black

what are the colours of the HONC elements?

hydrogen-1

oxygen-2

nitrogen-3

carbon-4

how many bonds do each of the HONC elements want?

molecules that contain carbon

what are organic molecules?

organic molecules (molecules with carbon)

what is organic chemistry the study of?

a group of 2 or more atoms joined by covalent bonds

what is a molecule?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

what are the 4 types of organic molecules in living organisms?

\-molecules containing C,H and O

\-contain a ratio of 2H:1O

\-there are 3 types

carbohydrates (3)

carbohydrates

what does CHO stand for?

1. monosaccharides
2. disaccharides
3. polysaccharides

what are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

\-also known as simple sugars

\- used as a source of energy by cells

\-ep. fructose, glucose, galactose

monosaccharides (2) and name examples (3)

what is the formula for glucose + draw glucose

1. draw a hexagon
2. draw 5 carbon (number them) and one oxygen, attach C6 to C5
3. add a hydroxyl group to each carbon except C5
4. add hydrogen to all carbons that do not have enough bonds

what are the four steps for drawing glucose?

\-O-H

what is a hydroxyl group?

the process by which 2 molecules are joined to one another involving the removal of a water molecule

dehydration synthesis (1) and sketch an example

\-2 monosacs joined together during dehydration synthesis

\-ep. lactose, sucrose, maltose

disaccharides (1) and 3 examples

the process by which a complex molecule is broken down into units when H20 molecules are added

define hydrolysis

greek word meaning many/more than one

define poly

\-a long chain of monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis

what are polysaccharides? (1)

1. storage of extra sugar
2. structural parts of organisms

what are the two functions of polysaccharides?

\-extra sugar is converted into glycogen which is stored in liver and muscle cells

\-a polysac called chitin makes up exoskeletons in insects

polysaccharides in animals (2)

\-plants produce glucose during photosynthesis. when they produce to much, glucose is converted into starch (polysac) for later use

\-cellulose forms rigid cell walls in plants

polysaccharides in plants (2)

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

name 4 polysaccharides

form rigid, hard parts of organisms (structural parts of organisms)

in addition to storing sugar, what do polysaccharides do?

by moulting the old exoskeleton and forming a larger one

how do organisms with exoskeletons grow?

fats

what are lipids also known as?

glycerol and fatty acids

what are the 2 parts to a lipid molecule?

draw glycerol

what is a carboxyl group?

a glycerol molecule attached to 1 fatty acid through dehydration synthesis

what is a monoglyceride?

monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride

what are the types of glycerides? (3)

a) diglyceride

b) triglyceride

what happens to a monoglyceride if it is attatched to…

a) 1 more fatty acid

b) 2 more fatty acids

saturated and unsaturated

what are the 2 types of fatty acids?

carbons are attached by single bonds only

explain saturated fatty acids

fatty acids with at least 1 double bond between 2 carbons

explain unsaturated fatty acids

monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

what are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?

monounsaturated fatty acids have only 1 double bond while polyunsaturated have 2 or more

what is the difference between monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

\-molecules containing C, H and O

\-NOT in a 2H:1O ratio

lipids (2)

liver and muscle cells

where is glycogen found in animals?

adipose/fat tissue

where are triglyceride molecules found?

to store energy in the form of triglycerides in adipose tissue

what is the main function of lipids?

1) glycogen-found in liver and muscle cells

2) triglycerides-found in adipose cells

where are our 2 “bank accounts” of stored energy and what do they store?

adipose cells (storing triglycerides)

which energy bank is larger?

what is an amino group?

\-a long chain of amino acids

\-contain H,O,N and C, sometimes P and S

proteins (2)

20

how many different types of amino acids are there?

draw an amino acid with an “R” group

the part of an amino acid that makes it different from other amino acids

what is an R group?

polypeptide

what is another name for protein?

two amino acids joined together through dehydration synthesis

what is a dipeptide? draw a dipeptide

\

a bond between amino acids

what is a peptide bond?

ose

what do the chemical names of sugars always end in?

putting together

what does synthesis mean?

enzymes

what causes dehydrations synthesis in living cells?

large molecules that consist of chains of repeating units (amino acids in a protein)

what are polymers and give an example

animal starch

what is glycogen sometimes known as?

maltose

what is the product of 2 glucose molecules joining?

a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end

what does a fatty acid consist of? sketch a fatty acid

lipids

which contains less oxygen, lipids or CHOs

yes

do lipids store twice as much energy as CHOs?

under the skin

where do mammals store fat?

the process of changing unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen

what is hydrogenation?

an essential compound found in animal tissues that can buildup in arteries and cause heart attacks and strokes

what is cholesterol?

saturated fat

which type of fat causes the highest cholesterol levels?

unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp, saturated fats are solid at room temp

how can you tell if you are eating saturated or unsaturated fats?

compounds similar to glycerol bond with fatty acids

how are waxes formed?

glycerol bonds with fatty acids

how are fats and oils formed?

variable groups, side chains

what are R groups also known as?

a) the order of amino acids

b) the function of the protein

a) what determines the 3D shape of a protein? b) what does the 3D shape of a protein determine?

a) chemical reactions (through enzymes)

b) defence

c) transportation

what are the functions of proteins (3)

breaks sucrose into monosaccharides

what does the enzyme sucrase do?

antibodies

what is a protein that defends?

hemoglobin

what is a protein that transports?

a repeating unit of DNA that has 3 parts

what is a nucleotide? draw a nucleotide

deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

what are the nitrogenous bases?

adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

what are the complimentary base pairings?

a 5 carbon sugar

what is deoxyribose?

draw a DNA ladder

C+G=3

A+T=2

how many hydrogen bonds do each complimentary base pairing have?

\-contain H,O,N,C and phosphorous

\-Two types are DNA and RNA

nucleic acids (2)

a double helix

what shape is DNA in?

DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA-ribonucleic acid

what are DNA and RNA short for

acts as an “instruction manual”, the order of nitrogenous bases determines how to make different proteins

what does DNA do?

a region of DNA that codes for a protein

what is a gene?

the nucleus

where are nucleic acids found?

an organic base that contains nitrogen

what is a nitrogenous base?

\-has only 1 strand of bases

\-contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

\-the base uracil instead of thymine

in what ways does RNA differ from DNA? (3)

3 billion

how many base pairs can 1 strand of DNA have?

50-100 000

how many amino acids are in a chain of polypeptides?

4 centimetres

how long would an uncoiled DNA strand be?

draw glycine and alanine

tissues, structural parts of cells, hormones, antibodies and enzymes

where in the body are proteins found? (5)

bonds that occur between parts of a protein when it folds

what are cross links?

globules, pleated sheets, coils, helixes

what are shapes commonly found in protein molecules? (4)