BSC1010C Exam 2 ( Dr. Rossi)

What are the 4 classes of biological macromolecules?

1. complex carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids

What is common monosaccharide in glucose?

carbohydrates

What are proteins made up of?

amino acids

what are lipids made up of?

fatty acids and glycerol

What are nucleic acids made up of?

nucleotides

What are carbohydrates main functions?

source of energy and an important component to the cell wall.

what are 3 types of lipids?

fats, phospholipids, steroids

describe the III structure

unique folding pattern caused by H-bonding between R-groups.

What are the RNA bases?

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

what is denaturing ?

DNA falls apart

what are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic cells are.....

complex cells, membrane bound organelles and include plants, animals, fungi, and protist.

What size are prokaryotes?

1-10 micrometers

what do prokaryotic cells have?

plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, genetic material, cytoplasm, and cell wall

What do eukaryotic cells have?

nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton.

what are ribosomes?

site of protein synthesis

what is the nucleus?

Control center of the cell and site where genetic info is stored

what are the two locations of ribosomes?

floating freely in cytosol or attached to the ER

what are two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum?

Smooth ER and Rough ER

Describe the rough ER

ribosomes attached and produces secretory proteins.

What are lysosomes?

small organelles filled with enzymes

what type of enzymes do lysosomes have?

amylase, lipase, protease, and nuclease.

What is the mitochondria?

Powerhouse of the cell. most energy produced (atp)

Describe microtubules

supports to cell, provides tracks so other organelles can move, involved in separation of chromosomes. Protien( tubulins)

Differences between plant and animal cells

plant cells lack centriole (cell division), plant cells have central vacuole and plastids. plant cells have a rigid cell wall.

what are biological membranes?

selectively permeable membranes that help maintain homeostasis in the cell

Describe peripheral proteins

not embedded but attached in outer or inner space.

what the universal solvent?

water

What is a hypertonic solution?

The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to plasmolyze

What is a isotonic solution?

The concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell so water moves across the membrane in both directions maintaining cell size

What is facilitated diffusion?

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

What is active transport?

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy (ATP)

what is the most common pump in animal cells?

NA+ | K+ pump

What do lysomes digest?

old cell components for recycling.

Who created the endosymbiotic theory?

Lynn Margulis

what does the golgi body produce?

lysosomes

what does the plasma membrane contain?

phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, integral proteins

for all the 4 classes of biological macromolecules what kind of chemical reaction links the mononeus together?

condensation and dehydration reaction

what are proteins main function?

major function of biological membranes, hormones (insulin), defense against infections( antibodies), & enzymes

why are lipids nonpolar?

because they are hydrocarbons that include nonpolor carbon--carbon or carbon--hydrogen bonds

what functions to lipids perform in a cell?

provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals.

what are the 4 levels of polypeptide ?

1. primary I structure
2. II structure
3. III structure
4. IV structure

describe the primary I structure.

unique amino acid sequence that goes in protein

describe the II structure

regular folds and pleats created by the repeating backbone of protien. helix (single chain) and pleated sheets (multiple chains)

describe the IV structure

multiple polypeptides chain fit together

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

RNA (ribnucleic acid) and DNA (dexoyribnucleic acid)

what are the componets of nucleotides?

RNA=pentosugar=ribose
DNA=pentosugar=dexoyribose

What are the DNA bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

What two bases do both RNA and DNA have?

2 purins & 2 pyrimines

what is DNA?

molecules that contain an organims genetic material

What type of helix does DNA have?

double helix (antiparallel)

what is the cell?

Basic unit of life

organisms can be both

single or multicellular

Prokaryotic cells are...

simple cells, no membrane bound organelles (nucleus)

What size are eukaryotic cells?

10-100 micrometers

Describe smooth ER

lacks ribosomes, lipid synthesis( fats, phospholipids, and steriods)

what are the functions of the Golgi body?

polysaccharids are produced here, storage site for protein, modifys proteins until functional, and production of transport vesicle.

What is the cytoskeleton?

A series of proteins that maintain cell shape, as well as anchors and/or moves organelles in the cell

what are the 3 kinds of cytoskeletal protein?

1. Microtubules (largest)
2. Microfilaments (smallest)
3. intermediate filaminte

Describe microfilaments

composed of protein (actin), supports the cell, involved in myosin, cyclosis streaming (plant cells)

Describe intermediate filaments

composed of keratin, supports the cell and fixs some organelles in place.

what are primary components biological membranes?

phospholipids & proteins ( outer surface of them contain short chains of sugars)

what theory is related to the "sandwich model"

1930s: H. Davison and J Danielli

what theory is related to the fluid mosaic?

1970: S. Singer and G. Nicolson

what are the two types do membrane proteins come in?

intergral and peripheral proteins.

Describe integral membrane proteins

embedded particially or completely in the phospholipid layer.

why are biological membranes selectively permeable?

1. phospholipid layer: prevents large molecules and most polar molecules from passing.
2. proteins (transport proteins): only allow specific molecules to pass.

why does the phospholipid layer prevent large and polar molecules to not pass?

tails in phospholipid layer are non-polar but small non-polar molecules can pass.

what are the 4 forces than allow substances to cross the membrane?

1. osmosis
2. diffusion
3. facilitated diffusion
4. active transport

What is diffusion?

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration. based upon kinetic energy and is a passive process.

What is osmosis?

also passive process and a special case of water diffusion

what is a solute?

the substance that is dissolved

what is a solution?

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

what is a hypotonic solution?

the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell so water moves into the cell causing plant cells to swell and animal cells to swell and burst

How are transport proteins similar to enzymes?

1. specific for the substitute or the molecules they will transport
2. transport proteins have specific site that interacts with their substrate
3. can be fooled by chemical mimics.

Transport proteins don't.....

catalyze / speed up chemical reactions

What is membrane potential?

pumping action that creates unequal seperation of ions across a membrane.

what does membrane potential create?

electrochemical gradient called voltage.

what is the major cellular transport pump in plants, fungi, and bacteria?

H+ (proton) pump.

describe cytosol

semi-fluid, contents of the cell

how many enclosed rings do steroids have?

4

What are phospholipids similar to?

diglycerides but the 3rd hydroxyl group of glyceral is bonded to a Po4^-2