terms and integumentary

Anatomical Position

Reference body position with head, gaze, and toes anterior

Regional Anatomy

Organizing body into major parts or segments

Surface Anatomy

Understanding external form and structures beneath the skin

Systemic Anatomy

Study of how organ systems work together

Clinical Anatomy

Practical application of body structure and function

Anatomical Planes

Imaginary lines dividing the body into sections

Directional Terms

Describe location or direction of body structures

Superficial/Deep

Superficial: close to body surface, Deep: closer to body center

Palmar/Plantar

Palmar: ventral side of hand, Plantar: sole of foot

Central/Peripheral

Central: toward body center, Peripheral: away from body center

Prone/Supine

Prone: ventral surface down, Supine: ventral surface up

Longitudinal Sections

Sections parallel to the long axis of the body

Median Plane

Vertical plane dividing body into right and left halves

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane parallel to median plane

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior halves

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

Passes through body at right angles to median and frontal planes

Deltoid Muscle

Triangular muscle named after delta symbol

Piriformis Muscle

Pear-shaped muscle named after pear

Sebaceous Glands

Glands producing oily secretion for skin and hair

Sweat Glands

Glands producing sweat for temperature regulation

Apocrine Glands

Glands producing odorless secretion activated by stress

Axillary Fossa

Anatomical term for armpit

Clavicle

Anatomical term for collarbone

Anatomicalomedical Terminology

Standardized naming with anatomical position reference

Transverse Sections

Slices cut at right angles to body's longitudinal axis

Oblique Sections

Slices cut by a plane not parallel or perpendicular to body's long axis

Lateral

Away from the body's medial plane

Bilateral

Paired structures occurring on both sides of a body part

Unilateral

Structure occurring on one side only

Contralateral

Structure occurring on the opposite side of the body

Ipsilateral

Structure occurring on the same side of the body

Flexion

Decreasing angle between bones or body parts

Extension

Increasing angle between bones or body parts

Plantar Flexion

Downward flexion of foot at ankle joint

Dorsiflexion

Upward flexion of foot at ankle joint

Abduction

Movement away from the body's median plane

Adduction

Movement towards the body's median plane

Radial Deviation

Abduction of the radiocarpal joint

Ulnar Deviation

Adduction of the ulnocarpal joint

Internal Rotation

Movement of ventral surface towards the body's median plane

External Rotation

Movement of ventral surface away from the body's median plane

Elevation

Raising a part superiorly

Depression

Lowering a part inferiorly

Protraction

Outward movement of a body part

Retraction

Inward movement of a body part

Pronation

Ulnar rotation with palm facing posteriorly

Supination

Radial rotation with palm facing anteriorly

Integumentary System

Consists of skin and accessory structures like hair and nails

Skin

Largest organ in the body by weight, covering 1.5-2 square meters

Homeostasis

Maintaining internal stability despite external changes

Thermoregulation

Regulating body temperature through sweating and shivering

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin, renews every 25 to 45 days

Dermis

Thicker inner layer of skin containing nerve cells and hair follicles

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous layer of loose connective tissue below the dermis

Melanin

Skin pigment produced by melanocytes, determining skin color

Hair Follicle

Structure extending from dermis to skin surface, nourished by blood vessels

Arrector Pili Muscle

Muscle attached to hair follicle, causing hair to stand on end

Nail Matrix

Region deep to the nail root where nail growth occurs

Lunula

Whitish, half-moon shaped area at the base of the nail plate

Keratinocytes

Cells in the epidermis producing keratin, a structural protein

Papillary Layer

Superficial layer of the dermis consisting of areolar tissue and sensory neurons

Merocrine Glands

Sweat glands responding to body temperature, present at birth

Stratum Corneum

Outermost layer of epidermis, protecting against harmful substances

Stratum Basale

Deepest layer of epidermis where cell division and growth occur

Vellus Hair

Fine, thin, translucent hair covering most of the body

Terminal Hair

Highly pigmented hair found on scalp, eyebrows, and pubic regions

Melanocytes

Cells producing melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color

Hair Growth Cycle

Includes growth and resting stages, affected by various factors

Lanugo

Fine, nonpigmented hairs covering the fetus body before birth

Stratum Lucidum

Clear layer of epidermis found in thick skin areas like palms and soles

Stratum Granulosum

Layer of epidermis where keratinocytes begin to flatten and lose nuclei