HL History German Unification

IDs

Vormärz

The _______ period, spanning from 1815 to 1848, was marked by growing liberal and nationalist sentiment across the German Confederation, setting the ideological groundwork for future unification.

Grossdeutschland

The _____________ solution, debated in 1848, proposed a unified Germany that included Austria, but it was ultimately rejected in favor of a Prussian-led unification.

Kleindeutschland

The _______________ model emerged in 1848 as a vision for a smaller Germany excluding Austria, which was later realized in the 1871 unification.

Addresses to the German People

The __________________ by Johann Gottlieb Fichte in 1806 were a series of speeches urging Germans to resist Napoleon’s occupation and preserve their national identity through education, unity, and cultural renewal.

Cultural nationalism

____________, a 19th-century movement that emphasized shared language, history, and traditions, helped fuel demands for a unified German state.

Zollverein

Created in 1834, the ___________ was a Prussian-led customs union that economically unified many German states and increased Prussia’s influence over Austria.

Needle gun

The ______________, used in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, gave the Prussian army a significant technological advantage and contributed to its victories as it provided the Prussian army with a considerable technological advantage over their adversaries, allowing for faster firing rates and improved range compared to muzzle-loading rifles.

Protocol of Troppau

Signed in 1820, the ____________ allowed European powers to intervene against revolutionary uprisings, symbolizing conservative resistance to nationalism.

Carlsbad Decrees

Issued in 1819, the ____________________ suppressed liberal ideas in universities and censored the press, slowing down early nationalist movements in Germany.

Six Articles

Passed in 1832, the ___________ restricted the independence of German states and reinforced autocratic rule, opposing the rise of nationalism and liberalism.

Frederick Wilhelm IV

In 1848, _________________ of Prussia rejected the Frankfurt Assembly’s offer of the German crown, a decision that highlighted the failure of liberal unification efforts.

Frankfurt Assembly

The _____________ of 1848 was the first attempt at creating a unified German nation through a liberal constitution, but it ultimately failed due to internal divisions and royal resistance.

Otto von Bismarck

Appointed Prussian Chancellor in 1862, _________ was the architect of German unification, using diplomacy and war to achieve his goals through Realpolitik.

Junker

The ___________ were conservative, landowning Prussian aristocrats who supported Bismarck’s militaristic approach to unification and dominated politics in the German Empire.

Prince Wilhelm I

______________ became King of Prussia in 1861 and later the first Emperor of unified Germany in 1871, playing a symbolic but crucial role in the unification process.

Albrecht von Roon

As Prussian Minister of War from 1861, __________ modernized the army and worked closely with Bismarck to ensure military success during the unification wars.

‘Blood and Iron’

In 1862, Bismarck declared that German unification would be achieved not through speeches and diplomacy but through “_________,” reflecting his reliance on war and power politics. It underscored the idea that strong military power and industrial strength (the 'iron') were essential for the unification of the fragmented German states. This approach ultimately led to war with Austria and France, resulting in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.

Schleswig & Holstein

These two duchies, contested by Denmark, Austria, and Prussia in 1864, sparked a war that led to increased Prussian influence and tension with Austria.

Battle of Düppel

Fought in 1864 during the Second Schleswig War, the ________________ was a decisive Prussian victory that weakened Denmark and solidified Prussian military prestige.

North German Confederation

Formed in 1867 after the Austro-Prussian War, the _____________ united northern German states under Prussian leadership and laid the groundwork for full unification.

Ems Telegram

In 1870, Bismarck edited and released the _____________ to provoke France into war, uniting the German states against a common enemy and leading to the Franco-Prussian War.

Alsace and Lorraine

After defeating France in 1871, Germany annexed ______________, symbolizing the triumph of unification and sowing long-term resentment in France. The annexation of Alsace and Lorraine was beneficial to Germany as it provided strategic economic advantages, including rich natural resources and industrial capacity, enhancing Germany's economic strength.

The Paris Commune

The____________ of 1871, a radical socialist government, emerged after France’s defeat and reflected the internal instability caused by war and national humiliation.

Bundesrat

Established in 1871, the __________ was the federal council of the German Empire that represented state governments but was dominated by Prussian power. It played a crucial role in the legislative process, as it could propose and veto laws, reflecting the balance of power between the central government and the individual states.

Kulturkampf

Beginning in 1871, the ____________ was Bismarck’s campaign against the Catholic Church’s political influence, aiming to solidify state control and national unity.