ETHICS (PRELIMS)

ETHICS

Branch of philosophy that deals with morality

ETHOS

greek word for character and way of life

MORALS

Rules that help people decide what is right or wrong

MORAL DILEMMA

Difficult choice between conflicting moral duties

• TWO EQUALY GOOD AND BAD

• CONFLICT

• CONFLICTING MORAL VALUES

• NO SOLUTION

Moral dilemma can involve?

CHOICE BETWEEN TWO EVILS

Every option has negative impact

CHOICES BETWEEN TWO GOODS

Choices are morally good but choosing one means giving up the other

EPISTEMIC CONFLICT

Occurs when a person faces two or more moral duties but is uncertain which one should come first

EPISTEMIC CONFLICT

Conflicts exist because the person does not knwo the best choice

ONTOLOGICAL CONFLICT

When a person faces two or more equally important moral duties

SELF - IMPOSED MORAL DILEMMA

When a person’s own actions or mistakes create the moral conflict

SELF - IMPOSED NORAL DILEMMA

Conflict where individuals must deal with thhe consequences of their own decision

• INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA

• ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA

• SYTSTEMIC DILEMMA

Three levels of moral dilemmas

INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA

Experienced by an individual and on a personal level

ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA

Dilemma that exist within and organization or sector

ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA

It refers to a problem of reconciling inconsistencies between individual needs and aspirations

SYSTEMIC DILEMMA

Dilemma that focuses on finding solutions that are fair and acceptable to all

SYSTEMIC DILEMMA

Dilemma that considers the role of various systems or institution in society

• Rising tuition fees

• Ched’s responsibility

• Different stakeholders

• Hei’s moral obligation

• Quality education costs

• Credentialism

Problem of educational system

MORAL PHILOSOPHY

An attempt to understand morality systematically

MORAL PHILOSOPHY

It requires reason and impartiality as basic elements

• REASON

• IMPARTIALITY

Basic elements of moral philosophy

REASON

Mental faculty of capability used to handle issues

IMPARTIALITY

Every individual's interest matters equally

• Indentify morally relevant aspects

• Weigh significance and stakeholders view

• Identify actions and consequences

• Decide the most ethical action

Moral reasoning process

CONSCIENTIOUS MORAL AGENT

Impartially cared for the interest of everyone affected

HUMAN FREEDOM

Having the abuliyo to make choices and act according to one's will

NEGATIVE FREEDOM

Freedom from obstacles, restrictions or interference

POSITIVE FREEDOM

Freedom to control one's life, make meaningful choices and develop potential

• Existence precedes essence

• Subject rather then object

• Notion of freedom

• The unconscious is not truly unconscious

Sartre’s arguement

THE UNCONSCIOUS IS NOT TRULY UNCONSCIOUS

Sartre srgues that people are aware of what they are doing even wehn they are not completely conscious

NOTION OF CHOICE

For sartre, freedom is a central part of being human because people have the capacity to choose

EXISTENCE PRECEDES ESSENCE

Sartre argues that existence precedes essence

SUBJECT RATHER THAN OBJECT

A human being is a living actor, not merely an object that can be manipulated

HUMAN BEING ARE ABSOLUTELY FREE, DETERMINED AND SITUATED

Three positions of freedoms

HUMAN BEING ARE ABSOLUTELY FREE

People have the capacity to make choices and determine their actions

HUMAN BEINGS ARE ABSOLUTELY DETERMINED

It argues that absolute freedom is impossible because human behavior is determined by factors0

• LOGICAL DETERMINISM

• PHYSICAL DETERMINISM

• PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

Three forms of determinism

LOGICAL DETERMINISM

Maintinas thst the future is already fixed and unalterable

PHYSICAL DETERMINISM

Determinism based on physical laws of nature

PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

Psychological factors and past experience influence how a person behaves

HUMAN BEINGS ARE SITUATED

This mean that people have freedom but it exists within particular circumstances

HUMAN BEING ARE SITUATED

A person is neither completely dree nor completely determined

ABSOLUTE FREEDOM

A complete state of being free without any limits or rules

ABSOLUTE DETERMINISM

belief that every event, physical action, and human choice is completely fixed by prior causes and the unchanging laws of nature

• ABSOLUTE FREEDOM

• ABSOLUTE DETERMINISM

The middle ground

SITUATED FREEDOM

Circumstances can limit our choices, meaning we cannot control everything

SITUATED FREEDOM

Freedom is connected to our existence

FREEDOM WITHIN LIMITS

Not absolute free, not absolutely determined

FREEDOM WITHIN LIMITS

Circumstances influence our choices, meaning we can change our views and actions

FREEDOM AND THE PERSON

A person is a subject, not merely and object

REALM OF HAVING

Freedom as something we possess and external to the person

REALM OF BEING

Freedom pertains to persons and part of our being

REALM OF HAVING

Connected with thungs and conditions

REALM OF BEING

Connected to human existence

ACCOUNTABILITY

Freedom requires _____?

Greater responsibility

Greater freedom?

FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY

Freedom makes responsibility possible for our actions

FREEDOM AND ACCOUNTABILITY

We choose our actions, and has consequences (we could have acted differently)

Freedom and Response-ability

Ability to give an account and respond to the objective demands of a situatuon

FREEDOM AND RESPONSE-ABILITY

Freedom is not doing simply what we want and choosing what ought to be done

FREEDOM AND JUSTICE

Allows indivuals to balance personal desires with the actual needs of others

Lowest:

• Sensory

• Vitals

• Spiritual

• Holy and unholy

Freedom and values drom lowest to highest

EDWARD TAYLOR’S DEFINITION OF CULTURE

A complex whole including knowledge, belief, art, law, moral, custom and habits acquired by members of society

BIOLOGIST’S DEFINITION

A colony of bacteria and microorganisms growing in a nutrient medium inside a petri dish

ANTHROPOLOGIST DEFINITION

The entire set of learned human behavior patterns

• Specific society

• Subculture

• Cultural universals

DENNIS O’NEIL IDENTIFIES 3 CORE LAYERS

SPECIFIC SOCIETT

Language, traditions, beliefs, practices

SUBCULTURE

Second layer of culture, it exist wituhn comples society

CULTURAL UNIVERSALS

Third layer and common to all humanity. Shared behavioral patterns

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

Culture influences how morality is interpreted

MORAL RELATIVISM

Right and wrong depend on culture

CLOSE FAMILY TIES

Filipino value which pertaind to the absolute love for parents and being dependent

BAHALA NA

Value which focus on the total acceptance and absolute obedience to the acts of nature rr and full acceptance of all possible consequences

MANYANA HABIT

This is a Filipino value that develops a deep sense of patience and perseverance, but it may lead to laziness.

UTANG NA LOOB

Filipino values which pertains to recognizing the effort and good deeds of other people by giving back the favors in other similar situations.

NINGAS-COGON

A Filipino value which refers to initiative and shows strong sense of leadership, but it is viewed as good start with nothing to be accomplished.

INTEGRITY

The Filipino values which pertains to integrity of the person by keeping promises as part of one's obligation.