Bioenergetics Study Guide

Vocabulary flashcards covering bioenergetics concepts, metabolic pathways, substrates, enzymes, and ATP production stages.

ATP-PC pathway

An immediate metabolic pathway responsible for rapid ATP production, whose function is aided by creatine.

Creatine

A molecule that assists and supports the ATP-PC pathway during energy production.

Lactic acid

A metabolic organic acid distinct from lactate, discussed in A Closer Look 3.2 on page 62.

Lactate

A conjugate base product involved in glycolysis and NAD reconversion, distinct from lactic acid.

Energy investment phase

The initial phase of glycolysis during which ATP is consumed when starting with glucose or glycogen.

Energy generation phase

The second phase of glycolysis in which ATP and NADH are produced.

Glucose

A primary sugar substrate that enters glycolysis, requiring ATP investment to yield net ATP and NADH.

Glycogen

A stored carbohydrate substrate used in glycolysis that alters the net ATP yield compared to glucose.

G-6-P

Glucose-6-phosphate, a key intermediate substrate in the glycolysis pathway.

F-6-P

Fructose-6-phosphate, an intermediate substrate in the glycolysis pathway.

F-1,6-biphosphate

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a intermediate substrate in glycolysis produced downstream of PFK.

Pyruvate

The end substrate of glycolysis that can be converted into lactate or acetyl-CoA.

PFK

Phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme involved in regulating the pathway of glycolysis.

NAD reconversion

The pathway responsible for regenerating $\text{NAD}^+$ in both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism.

Aerobic production of ATP

The process of generating ATP in the presence of oxygen, composed of 3 distinct stages.

Triglyceride metabolism

The metabolic pathway that breaks down triglycerides for use in cellular energy production.

Amino acids

Molecules that are prepared for entry into oxidative phosphorylation.

Kreb's cycle

A metabolic pathway that utilizes acetyl-CoA to generate NADH and FADH2.

Acetyl-CoA

The entry molecule for the Kreb's cycle derived from metabolic substrates.

NADH

An electron carrier produced during glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle whose electrons drive ATP creation in the electron transport chain.

FADH2

An electron carrier generated during the Kreb's cycle that delivers electrons to create ATP in the electron transport chain.

Electron transport chain

The final metabolic stage where electrons from NADH and FADH2, in the presence of oxygen, create ATP.

Oxygen

An essential molecule in the electron transport chain required for aerobic ATP synthesis.

Rate-limiting enzymes

Specific controlling enzymes that regulate the rate of ATP-PC, glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and the electron transport chain.