The 7 O-chem topics

Big exam prep

Allotropes of Carbon

Diamond, Graphite, Buckminister Fullerine

Allotropes

The same ELEMENT, but arranged differently

Diamonds

Very hard substance, composed of covalently bonded Carbon

Graphite

Pencil Lead! —> sheets of carbon

Buckminister Fullerene

C_60 in a dome-like pattern (kind of like a soccer ball)

Alcohols

Hydrocarbons with at least one hydroxyl group (—OH)

These are all able to hydrogen bond because of the hydroxyl group (Hydrogen atom is bonded to Oxygen).

Isopropyl Alcohol

aka - 2-propanol

• rubbing alcohol

Ethanol

The alcohol that we consume (in drinks etc.)

Octane Boosters

• additives that increase the octane rating of fuels.

• prevent fuel knocking when engines are under high temp. and pressure

Fuel knocking

The premature combustion of fuel-oxygen mixtures in engines. (think swing analogy)

Tetra-Ethyl Lead

TEL:

One Pb atom with 4 ethyl groups attached

• we stopped using this because we learned its neurotoxic effects and how it corroded engines

“Gasohol”

Ethanol is now also added to gasoline to boost octane rating

• E-10 means 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline

• “Flex-Fuel“ vehicles can use gasoline from E-10 up to E-85!

Oxygenator

These are added to increase fuel efficiency by introducing more Oxygen

• ethanol is also a common oxygenator because of the hydroxyl group (adds oxygen)

Methyl Tert Butyl Ether

MTBE

• It was a nice oxygenator (the ether adds oxygen) until we realized its danger

  • Contaminates groundwater still today

Ethylene Glycol

1,2 - ethanediol

• used as antifreeze in coolants for cars

• has a “sweet“ taste that animals try and eat (they die tho cuz its bad)

  • “better” girl makes things “bitter“

Glycerin

1,2,3 - propanetriol

• Also called Glycerol

• used as a humectant (a moisturizer just like hyaluronic acid 🔥 )

• a lubricant

• Keeps hand sanitizer from evaporating

Ether

Oxygen bonded between two hydrocarbons

• cannot undergo hydrogen bonding because the oxygen is not bonded with hydrogens

  • Only dipole-dipole bonding and London dispersion

• Weak intermolecular force —> volatile (lower boiling point)

• we love coc