McGraw Hill: Chapter 20 - Questions

A simple pathway of blood flow to an organ or body region includes artery, capillary bed, and a ____

vein

The large gaps and discontinuous or absent basement membrane of ____ allow this type of capillary to transport larger materials such as proteins or cells

sinusoids

The smallest venules are called ____ venules

postcapillary

The endothelial cells of ____ capillaries have pores that permit small molecules to move out of the vessel

fenestrated

Which has the slowest velocity (speed) of blood

capillaries

Which two have similar cross-sectional areas

veins and arteries

The companion vessels to the arterioles are the ___

venules

The greater the cross-sectional area of a vessel, the ____ the flow rate

slower

True or False: Large solutes may diffuse via the endothelial cells or intercellular clefts

Fasle; large solutes need fenestrations or sinusoids to pass through

Which have the largest total cross-sectional areas?

capillaries

Choose all that are exchange processes that occur in capillaries

• bulk flow

• diffusion

• vesicular transport

Net filtration pressure refers to the opposition of filtration and reabsorption of materials across a ______

Capillary membrane

Choose all that determine the amount of blood that will be delivered to a specific organ or tissue

• Local regulatory factors

• Total blood flow

• Degree of vascularization

Total blood flow equals ____

cardiac output

True or False: There is enough blood in the body to fill all capillaries at the same time

False; there is not enough blood to fill all capillaries at the same time

Blood pressure is highest in the ____

arteries

True or False: Angiogenesis is another term for the degree of vascularization

False; The degree of vascularization is the extent of blood vessel distribution. Angiogenesis is the formation of a new blood vessels.

The chemicals that alter local blood flow are collectively called ___ chemicals

vasoactive

The lowest pressure is during ventricular diastole when the artery recoils no further this value is recorded as the

Diastolic pressure

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel is known as the ____ ____

Blood pressure

The numerator of the blood pressure ration represents the ____ pressure

systolic

The change in blood pressure from one end of a blood vessel to its other end is called a ____

blood pressure gradient

The additional pressure placed on the arteries from when the heart is resting to when the heart is contracting is ____ pressure

pulse

True or False: Healthy arteries expand and recoil easily, assisting in the movement of blood through the cardiovascular system

True

The highest blood pressure generated in arteries is during ventricular systole in the artery is maximally stretched this value is recorded as

Systolic pressure

The term ___ resistance is typically used when discussing the resistance of blood in the blood vessels

peripheral

All the factors hat affect peripheral resistance

• Blood vessel radius

• Blood vessel length

  • Blood viscosity

the internal carotid artery contains the carotid sinus ___, a receptor that detects changes in blood pressure

baroreceptors

When you arise from a sitting to a standing position, alteration of ______ helps to maintain blood pressure.

Cardiac output and or resistanceEach carotid sinus transmits nerve signals back to the cardiovascular center through which cranial nerves?

IX

Each carotid sinus transmits nerve signals back to the cardiovascular center through which cranial nerves?

IX

The aortic arch baroreceptors transmit nerve signals back to the cardiovascular center through which cranial nerve?

X

True or False: Baroreceptors transmit nerve signals back to the cardiovascular center at a particular rate. Their firing rate changes when the stretch in the blood vessel wall changes.

True; the frequency firing is the indicator

Which baroreceptors monitor blood pressure affecting the brain?

carotid sinuses

More blood vessels are stimulated to ______ more than ______ because blood vessels contain more ______ receptors than ______ receptors.

vasoconstrict; vasodilate; alpha; beta

Two distinct groups of autonomic nuclei participate in the regulation of blood pressure; specifically the _______ center and the _______ center.

Blank 1: cardiac
Blank 2: vasomotor

The vasomotor center has ______ axons that extend from it to the blood vessels.

only sympathetic

When alpha vasomotor receptors are stimulated, resistance is ______ and blood pressure ______.

increased; rises

Activation of the vasomotor center redistributes blood flow with ______ blood flowing to skeletal muscles and the heart.

more

Blood flow will return to venous reservoirs when ______.

sympathetic stimulation is decreased

Vasoconstriction of veins shifts blood from venous reservoirs and blood pressure ______.

rises

A ______ in sympathetic stimulation from the vasomotor center to blood vessels will result in ______ resistance.

decrease; decreased

Vasoconstriction of veins shifts blood from venous reservoirs and blood volume ______.

increases

In response to ______ blood pressure in the kidney, the enzyme ______ is released from the kidney into the blood.
Multiple choice question.

low; renin

Hormones that help to regulate blood pressure are ______.

antidiuretic hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also known as ____

vasopressin

angiotensin II ____ resistance and ____ blood pressure

increases; raises

ADH and ____ increase resistance and blood pressure

angiotensin II

Angiotensin-converting enzymes, ACE, converts ____ to ____

Angiotensin I; Angiotensin II

Aldosterone ____ the absorption of Na+ and water in the kidneys to help maintain blood volume and blood pressure

increases

Th enzyme that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I is ____

renin

Blood pressure is influenced by three primary variables, which are ____ peripheral, resistance, and ____.

cardiac output; blood volume

The hormone released from the heart in response to an increase in the stretch of the muscle wall due to increased blood volume is ____ ____ peptide

atrial natriuretic

Match the origin substance secreted from the organ

• Kidney → renin

• Liver → angiotensinogen

• Lings → Angiotensinogen-converting enzyme

Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to direct stimuli by ____

Angiotensin II

ADH stimulates the ____ to increase the blood volume

thirst center

True or False: An increase in cardiac output, resistance or blood volume will increase blood pressure

True; cardiac output, resistance, and blood volume directly influence blood pressure

The systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the vessel during ____

ventricular contraction

ANP ____ blood pressure by stimulating vasodilation and increase urine output

decreases

The diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the vessel during ____

ventricular relaxation

During exercise, blood flow will increase to which areas?

• skin

• skeletal muscle

• coronary vessels

Choose all the reasons that blood from the GI tract within the hepatic portal system must travel through the liver

• Digested nutrients can be absorbed and processed

• Harmful agents can be detoxified

During extreme cases of low blood volume, the extensive release of ___ occurs, which causes vasoconstriction

ADH

The inferior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, and superior mesenteric vein merge together to form the ____

hepatic portal vein

The reading taken from the sphygmomanometer when the first pulsation is heard through the stethoscope is the ____ blood pressure

systolic

The measurement on the sphygmomanometer taken when the arterial pulsations are no longer heard in the stethoscope is the ____ blood pressure

diastolic

The fetus receives oxygen and nutrients directly from the mother through the ____

placenta

During exercise, blood flow will decreases to which two areas?

• digestive organs

• kidneys

The hepatic portal system also receives products of erythrocyte destruction from the ____ so that the liver can “recycle,” some of these components

spleen

Choose all major veins that merge together to form the hepatic portal vein

• inferior mesenteric vein

• superior mesenteric vein

• splenic vein

In the fetus, pressure is greater on the right side of the heart in order to shunt blood from the right atrium through the ____ ovale into the left atrium

foramen

Which organ(s) in the fetus is(are) not functionals?

lungs

Match

• Ductus → shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

• Foramen ovale → shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

• Ductus venosus → shunts blood away from the liver towards the inferior vena cava

• Umbilical vein → transports oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

• Umbilical arteries → transport deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

The increased pressure on the left side of the heart resulting from a newborn’s first breath causes the two flaps of the interatrial septum to close off the ___ ovale

foramen

The round ligament of the liver is derived from what fetal structure?

umbilical vein

Match 2

• Ductus → ligamentum arteriosum

• Foramen ovale → ligamentum venosum

• Ductus venosus → fossa ovalis

• Umbilical vein → medial umbilical ligaments

• Umbilical arteries → round ligament of liver (ligamentum teres)