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dual task methods
involving simultaneous tasks: primary (most interesting) working memory task, secondary (distractor) working memory task
shadowing task
the subject is exposed to 2 messages simultaneously and must repeat 1 of them
shadowing test experiment results
suggest a filter mechanism for attention where information in the unattended ear is missed in favor of the attended ear
early selection/filter model of attention (Broadbent)
a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli. can switch attention between stimuli based on physical characteristics
attenuation model (Treisman)
a later filter mechanism that weakens the strength of stimuli other than the target stimulus
autonomic processes
require little attention and thought, and can let you do 2 things at once
conscious processes
involves a subjective awareness of stimuli, feelings, or ideas, occurs with intention and can be stopped, consume resources
stroop task
subjects name the color of words instead of what the word says. shows conflict between autonomic and conscious
slips (Norman 1988)
errors in automatic behaviors, failure to enact in automatized routine
mistakes (Norman 1988)
true errors, conscious processing errors that are from errors in cognition, judgement etc.
technical errors
most common type of errors found in medical errors (44%), related to slips
stroop effect
the tendency to read the words and not the colors
what does stroop effect show
response times are quicker with autonomic processing than conscious processing
implicit processing
processing where there is no necessary involvement of conscious awareness
habituation
a gradual reduction of the orienting response back to baseline
hemineglect
a disruption in the ability to refocus your attention to one side of your face (everything on the left, or the right)
what causes hemineglect
damage to the right parietal lobe (neglecting things on the left)
selective attention
the ability to attend to one source of information while ignoring other ones
dual task procedure
two tasks are performed simultaneously to assess attention and processing
Cherry’s shadowing results
participants could tell physical characteristics of unattended message (gender, human or tone), but not when it changed to a different language. couldn’t identify specific words from it
problem with Broadbent’s early selection model
can’t explain how people hear their name in the unattended message
why is it called late selection?
because selection occurs after processing is done
attenuated
when messages have no useful or important information
automatic processing
occurs without intention and can’t be prevented or stopped, not in conscious awareness, consumes few resources, is very fast
what is the route to automaticity?
practice, uses less resources over time and becomes automatic
action slip
unintended, automatic actions that are inappropriate for the situation
