module 2

What did James Lind scurvy example tell us?

Proved a casual relationship under controlled conditions where eating citrus= no more scurvy

What is tuberculosis an example of?

Preventative action taken before cause is identified e.g. no one knew TB cause by bug, but knew people in poverty, poor sanitation are prone to tubercolosis so they acted on these factors instead

What are the 7 Bradford Hill criteria ?

Temporality, Strength of Association, Reversibility, Biological gradient, Biological plausibility, Consistency of assocation, specificity of association.

Epidemiological Triad

Host, People in population e.g. smokers

Agent- Biological, chemical, Nutritional, physical e.g. chemicals intobacco

Environment- What influences it

What is Rothman Causal pie and what are its components

Used to see factors that make up a disease.

Made up of Sufficient cause, Neccesary Cause and Component cause

Component cause

Factors that make up the casual pie, it is not required for disease to occur

Sufficient cause

Pie made of multiple slices, disease wont occur if slice missing. A disease can have multiple causal pie.

Neccesary cause

A factor that is absolutely required for the disease to occur.

What is association?

when the exposure leads to an outcome which you cannot say is the same as causation because association is not causation

What is causation?

Causation is cause and effect so the cause must be the exposure e.g. touching a hot stove and the outcome (event) is your body reacting telling you burnt your hand.

Give example of causes of the causes

Smoking cause lung cancer but what cause people to smoke in the first place

Are causes of the causes different for individual and population ?

Yes because at indiviudal its personal choices, behaviour, income, employmeent, education etc.

For population its more of societal, environmental and systematic that shape those individual behaviour

Down stream interventions(proximal)

Treating the problem to those who already have it. e.g. disease management,

Upstream interventions (distal)

What is being done to prevent the disease happening in the first place e.g. policies

Whitehead Model levels

3 Levels Individual, Social/community networks and living and working conditions and General socioecnomic, cultural and environmental conditions