Prokaryotes

prokaryotes

single celled organisms

bacteria and archaea

how do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes?

they do not have a nucleus

DNA is a circular chromosome

smaller and less complex

all cells have

genetic material

cytoplasm

plasma membrane

ribosomes

archaea

extremophiles

extreme conditions

depths of the ocean, hot springs, Arctic, very dry places, high radiation environments

cocci

spherical

bacilli

rod-shaped

spirilla

spiral-shaped

what do cell walls of bacteria contain?

peptidoglycan

who developed staining procedure?

Hans Gram

Gram positive

purple

thick wall

Gram negative

pink

thin wall

which gram is susceptible to penicillin?

gram positive

binary fission

reproduction

identical daughter cells produced

horizontal gene transfer

how prokaryotes gain new DNA

transduction

virus carries genetic material

transformation

take up genetic material from the surroundings

conjugation

via sex pili

one cell transfers DNA to another

bacteria in the carbon cycle

decompose organic material in the soil and release carbon dioxide

nitrogen fixation

conversion of atmospheric gas into usable form

plants cannot use atmospheric gas

cyanobacteria

blue-green algae

photosynthetic bacteria

lactobacillus

good bacteria helps make dairy (yogurt and cheese)

biofilm

microbial community held together in a gummy-textured matrix

How can biofilms be harmful and beneficial?

contribute to infections and other problems, they also play crucial roles in natural ecosystems and various industrial processes

epidemic

Disease that occurs in an unusually high number of individuals in a population at the same time

flu, small pox

Pandemic

Widespread, usually worldwide, epidemic disease

Bubonic plague

Endemic

Disease regularly occurring within an area or community

Malaria

What organism causes Bubonic plague?

Yersinia pestis

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Resistant to commonly used antibiotics

What types of foods can carry infectious bacteria?

All types of food

Produce contaminated by animal waste

Bubonic plague happens when someone gets infected by _____ .

the bacterium Yersinia pestis

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY paired?

coccus -- cone

One of the most fundamental ways to begin to identify a bacterium is to perform a gram stain.  Who devised the gram stain? (These are all real names of real men.)

Hans Chrisitan Gram

Which of these requires bacteria to produce?

yogurt

We are privileged to live in a miraculous time.  Since antibiotics were developed during World War II, they have prevented many deaths; some (many?) of you taking this test would be dead today but for antibiotics.  But this miraculous time may come to an end in your life-time because _____ .

the overuse of antibiotics is causing the evolution of bacteria that are unaffected by antibiotics.

What type of food can carry foodborne illnes?

all types of food

Once an infection by _____ is established, it is very difficult to eradicate, because _____ tend to be resistant to most of the methods used to control microbial growth, including antibiotics. (The same word fills in both blanks.)

biofilms

The structure that aids in locomotion of some prokaryotes is a

flagellum

While working on your lab, you view an unknown specimen under the microscope.  You can see that it has chloroplasts.  Your lab partner thinks it is a prokaryotic cell.  Is he correct?

no

The DNA of bacteria is _____ .

circular

What kind of food is particularly noted for being impossible to carry a food-borne disease?

There is no food that cannot carry food-borne disease.

Your friend Jennifer is feeling terrible and her doctor diagnosed her with the flu.  The flu is caused by an influenza virus.  A virus is not a prokaryotic organism or a eukaryotic organism.  Remember that we do not consider viruses living because they are not made up of cells.  She was upset because her doctor did not prescribe her penicillin to treat her infection.  Why did her doctor not prescribe her penicillin?

Penicillin treats a bacterial infection by targeting the cell wall.  Viruses do not have cell walls, therefore penicillin in ineffective at treating a viral infection.