BIO54 MIDTERM #2: Cardiovascular Disease

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Cardiovascular System

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26 Terms

1

Cardiovascular System

network of organs and vessels through which blood flows as it carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body

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2

The Heart: A Mighty Machine

- four chambered pump

- contracts 100,000 times a day

- pumps the equivalent of 2,000 gallons of blood throughout the body

- beats about 2.5 billion times in a 70 year lifetime

- blood is collected in its upper chambers, the atria, from the rest of the body

- two lower chambers, the ventricles, pump the blood out again

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3

Atherosclerosis

characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of term-13the artery

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4

Hyperlipidemia

an abnormally high blood lipid level

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5

Plaque

buildup of deposits in the arteries

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6

Coronary Heart Disease

damage in the heart's major blood vessels

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7

Myocardial Infarction (MI)/ Heart Attack

the blood supply to the heart is disrupted. Blockage of the coronary arteries

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8

Coronary Thrombosis

this is caused by a blood clot in the coronary artery

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9

Embolus

occurs when the blood clot is dislodged and moves through the circulatory system (free flowing clot)

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10

Collateral Circulation

an alternative or collateral route of blood flow that develops when blockage of the heart is minor

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11

Stoke

blood supply to the brain is interrupted

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12

Thrombus

stationary blood clot

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13

Aneurysm

most well-known and life-threatening of strokes, is a weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and, in severe cases, burst

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14

Hypertension

sustained elevated blood pressure

- for the average person 110/80 is a healthy blood pressure level, though these numbers depend on weight, age, physical condition, etc

- silent killer

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15

Systolic Pressure

pressure applied to the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts, pumping blood to the rest of the body

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16

Diastolic Pressure

pressure applied to the walls of the arteries during the heart's relaxation phase

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17

High Blood Pressure

usually diagnosed when systolic pressure is 140 or above

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18

Arrhythmias

irregularities in heart rhythm

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19

Tachycardia

racing heartbeat in the absence of expertise or anxiety

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20

Bradycardia

abnormally slow heartbeat

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21

Fibrillation

sporadic heartbeat with a quivering pattern

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22

Angina Pectoris

occurs when there is not enough oxygen to supply the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain or pressure

- nitroglycerin: drug used to relax (dilate) the veins

- beta blockers control potential over-activity of the heart muscle

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23

Heart Failure

a damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating normally

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24

Congenital Cardiovascular Defect

- present at birth

- may be cause by hereditary factors, by maternal disease such as rubella, maternal drug use, smoking after the first trimester, and folate deficiency during pregnancy

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25

Rheumatic Heart Disease

is due to an untreated streptococcal infection leading to an autoimmune response, where the antibodies attack the heart as well as the bacteria

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26

Techniques for Diagnosing Heart Disease

- Electrocardiogram (ECG)

- Angiography

- Position Emission Tomography (PET)

- Magnetic Resonance Tomography (MRI)

- Ultrafast Computed Tomography (CT)

- Cardiac Calcium Score

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