Data that has no gaps (can’t have 1/2 of a person)
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What is numerical discrete data
Data that has gaps (ex. money. $34.54)
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What is regular categorical data
Data that has categories with an order (ex. candy types)
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What is Categorical ordinal data
Categories with an order (ratings of a movie in terms of sucks, good, great)
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What are associated variables
When two variables show some connection with one another
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What are independent variables
When variables have no evident connection to one antoher
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What variable does the explanatory variable affect
the response variable
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What is positive association
When both variables move in the same direction
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What is negative association
When the variables move in opposite directions
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Do graphs show causation or association
association
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What are the two types of study that exist?
Observational and Experimental
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What are the three principles of experimental design?
Control, randomize, replicate
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What needs to exist for something to be an experimental study
A type of treatment
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What is another word for an explanatory variable?
Factors
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What is a blocking variable
Uncontrollable inherent variables necessary to categorize
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What is blocking
Blocking is putting blocking variables into groups and randomizing that which goes into those groups
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What is a population
The entire group of interest, all possible members
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What is a sample
a subset of the population
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What is anecdotal evidence
evidence that consists of anectodes
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Should we use anecdotal evidence?
No
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What is a census
A census is a sample that consists of the entire population.
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Exploratory analysis
When you examine a small part of a whole
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Bias
Systematic distortion of sample data that tends to favor one type of result over another
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What is non-response
When only a small fraction of the randomly sampled group choose to respond to a survey, the sample may no longer be representative of the population
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Voluntary response sample
Occurs when the sample consists of people who volunteer to respond because they have strong opinions. This sample will not be representative of the population
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Convenience sample
Individuals who are easily accessible are more likely to be included in the sample
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What is a prospective study
collects data as the event in question unfolds
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retrospective study
collects data as the event in question is over
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What is a simple random sample
Everyone has an equal chance of being selected
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Stratified Sample
groups of common characteristics (strata) and a random sample is taken from each stratum
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Cluster sample
Not homogenous sample. Each cluster is representative of varied populations and a SRS is taken from each cluster
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Multistage sample
1) SRS of initial clusters 2) Make strata from the data from the first SRS and then take another SRS
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Systematic sample
Taking a random sample of every k-th subject
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What do histograms show
data density
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How do you interpret a histogram
See where data is concentrated, its groups, and the frequency of each group
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Relative frequency histogram
Histogram with relative frequency (frequency/# of total data values=proportions)
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What is modality
peaks in data
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The population mean
The mean of not just the sample but of all the population
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Flashcard (89)