WW1

Name three types of medical test that developed between 1900 and present

X-ray, blood test, urine test, biopsy, CT scan, MRI scan, ECG, ultrasound

What are diseases that you inherit called?

Hereditary diseases

When was DNA discovered?

1953

Who discovered DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick

What is the shape of DNA called?

Double helix

When was the electron microscope invented?

1931

How powerful is an electron microscope?

Up to 10,000,000x magnification

Name a celebrity who had a preventative mastectomy

Angelina Jolie

Name two genetic diseases not yet curable

Down's syndrome, Huntington's disease

Name a disease caused by poor diet

Type 2 diabetes

Name a disease caused by alcohol

Liver disease, liver cancer, kidney failure

When did smoking become popular?

1920s

Name diseases caused by smoking

Lung, throat, mouth cancer, heart disease

Name an infection spread by unprotected sex or needles

HIV

Name a cause of skin cancer

Sun exposure

What are antibodies?

Chemicals that fight disease in the body

What is a magic bullet?

A drug that targets disease without harming the body

When was the first magic bullet made?

1909

Which famous person was treated with a magic bullet?

Winston Churchill

Name an antibiotic-resistant infection

MRSA

What is the most famous magic bullet?

Penicillin

How has technology improved treatment?

Mass-produced drugs, insulin pumps

When was the NHS created?

1948

What are the main parts of the NHS

Hospitals, GPs, dentists, other services

How many hospitals joined the NHS in 1948?

2,688

When were hospitals significantly improved?

1960s

What was the GPs’ Charter?

Encouraged group practice

Where were new hospitals built?

The North

Name modern NHS treatments

Chemotherapy, prosthetics, keyhole surgery

Name government vaccination programmes

Diphtheria, MMR, HPV

How has government improved public health

Clean Air Acts, water fluoridation, smoking ban

What is a lifestyle campaign?

Education promoting healthy living

What did the UK do during Ebola 2014–15?

Quarantine travellers

Name a modern health campaign

Change4Life

Who discovered penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

When was penicillin published?

1929

Why didn’t Fleming develop it further?

It didn’t work well in the body

Who developed penicillin?

Florey and Chain

Why was penicillin hard to use?

Difficult to mass produce

Which country mass-produced penicillin?

USA

When did Britain begin producing penicillin?

1943

Name another antibiotic

Streptomycin

What % of cancers were lung cancer in 1900?

1%

What % were lung cancer in 1927?

Over 14%

When was smoking linked to lung cancer?

1950

Who published smoking research?

British Medical Council

Name tests for lung cancer

CT scan, PET-CT, bronchoscopy

Name treatments for lung cancer

Surgery, transplant, radiotherapy, chemotherapy

What is gene-matched treatment called?

Pharmacogenetics

Cost of smoking to NHS by 1985?

£165 million

Government revenue from tobacco?

£4 billion

When was indoor smoking banned?

2006

What law banned smoking?

Health Act

Where are smoking warnings shown?

On cigarette packets

What made WW1 rifles more deadly?

Multiple bullets and pointed design

Why were head wounds common?

Snipers and no early helmets

Why did many soldiers die after wounds?

Infection

Why was infection common in trenches?

Mud, waste, poor hygiene

How fast could machine guns fire?

500 rounds per minute

What injuries did machine guns cause

Bullet wounds and infection

Why was artillery so dangerous?

Explosive shells and long range

What injuries did artillery cause

Shrapnel wounds, amputations, facial injuries

Why were artillery injuries often fatal

Blood loss and infection

What is shrapnel?

Metal fragments from shells

Why did shrapnel wounds infect easily

Dirt and clothing entered wounds

Why was evacuation difficult in WW1

Mud and shell holes

How many could stretcher teams move?

3–4 men in 12 hours

What was a Regimental Aid Post (RAP)?

First aid near front line

Why couldn’t RAPs treat serious injuries

Limited resources

What were Dressing Stations?

Short-term treatment centres

What were Casualty Clearing Stations?

Major treatment with surgery/X-rays

What were Base Hospitals?

Specialist care near coast

Why were CCS overwhelmed

Too many casualties (e.g. Somme)

What do hospital records show

Casualties, treatments, outcomes

What do medical articles show

Doctors’ experiences

What do personal accounts show

Patient experiences

Who discovered blood groups?

Karl Landsteiner

Why were early transfusions hard

Blood couldn’t be stored

What did sodium citrate do

Prevented clotting

What improved blood storage

Refrigeration and glucose solution

Who created portable blood storage

Geoffrey Keynes

Why was Cambrai important

First blood depot

Why was infection hard to treat

No antibiotics

What was Carrel-Dakin method

Antiseptic pumped into wounds

What is debridement

Removing infected tissue

Was infection fully solved

No, but improved