Anatomy and Physiology Honors | UNIT 2: Support and Motion|

What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?

Tendon - cords of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to bones

Ligament - short bands of tough but flexible connective tissue that connects two bones and stabilize joints

What are the bones that make up the ankle?

Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges, Talus, and Calcaneus

What are the bones that make up the wrist?

Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

What are the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton?

Shoulder girdle, Arm, Pelvic girdle, Hand, Leg, Foot

What are the bones that make up the axial skeleton?

Skull, Chest, Vertebral column

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeletons?

The axial skeleton makes up our central axis and consists of the following bones: skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles.

What are the five (5) regions of the vertebral column (in order from top to bottom)?

Cervical (C1-C7), Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5), Sacral (5 fused vertebrae), Coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)

What is the difference between the pelvic and pectoral girdles?

Pectoral girdle -> upper limbs (clavicles and scapulae)
> clavicles attach to the sternum on one end, scapulae on the other
> each scapula -> humerus (upper limb) to the clavicle
> scapulae attach to the rib cage and vertebral column w/ muscle (gives the pectoral girdle mobility and flexibility

Pelvic Girdle -> lower limbs (sacrum and hip bones)
> extremely strong ligaments
> sturdy less mobility
> protects reproductive organs, bladder, and lower digestive tract

The pectoral girdle is attached to the?

Upper limbs to the body's trunk

The pelvic girdle is attached to the?

Lower limbs to the body's trunk

How and why are the pelvic girdles of females differ from males?

Females have much wider birth canals and pubic arches in order to accommodate for growing a fetus and the birth of an infant.

What are the different classes of levers?

First, Second, and Third

This type of lever is like a seesaw wherein the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the load is at the other, with the fulcrum in between.

First-class lever

This type of lever is like a wheelbarrow wherein the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the fulcrum is at the other end, with the load in between.

Second-class lever

This type of lever is like catapult wherein the effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum.

Third-class lever

What are prime movers?

They are also known as agonists and are muscles that are most responsible for producing a certain movement.

What are antagonists?

They are muscles that oppose or do the reverse of a certain movement.

It is the connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber?

Endomysium

It is the connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle?

Perimysium

It is the connective tissue that surrounds each muscle?

Epimysium

What are the four (4) classifications of bones?

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

This type of bone acts as levers to aid in movement.

Long bones

This type of bone provides support and stability with little movement.

Short

This type of bone has a large surface area for muscle attachment.

Flat bones

These bones are highly specialized shape and thus function.

Irregular bones

What are the six (6) overall functions of the skeletal system?

Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Blood cell formation, Hormone production

Why are ribs floating?

The lower 11th and 12th pairs are usually referred to as “floating ribs.”. Because your 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs aren't directly connected to your sternum, they are prone to excess movement. It's this hypermobility that exposes your false ribs to the likelihood of slipping.

Label the bones of the arms and hands? (include the back)

Scapula, Clavicle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

What is the general steps in bone remodeling?

1. Resting
2. Resorption
3. Reversal
4. Formation
5. Mineralization

What is the actual process in bone remodeling?

> OSTEOCYTES release chemical signals that send OSTEOCLASTS to the site of damage

> They then RELEASE ENZYMES that allows calcium phosphate to be digested; calcium and phosphate resorbed into blood

> MACROPHAGES promote bone tissue remodeling and osteoblasts come in an builds new bone

What are the six (6) configurations of joints?

Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, and Ball and Socket

This joint configuration is known as a "plane" joint.

Gliding

This joint configuration only moves in one direction (like a door).

Hinge

This joint configuration allows rotation as well as twisting movements back and forth.

Pivot

This joint configuration allows movements like flexion/extension, as well as abduction and adduction.

It is like a pedestal with a joint in top.

Condylar

This joint configuration allows opposition movements as well as flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

Saddle

This joint configuration has lots of maneuverability, and allows for rotational movements such as abduction/adduction and flexion/extension.

Ball and Socket

What are the three (3) functional classifications of joints?

Synarthroses (non-moving)
> serves to protect internal structures such as the brain or heart
> ex. cranium

Amphiarthroses (slightly-moving)
> bind bones together tightly while allowing a small degree of flexibility
> ex. where pubic bones meet in the pelvis

Diarthroses (freely moving)
> allowing fluid and safe movement of the body
> knee and elbow joints (limbs)

What are the three (3) structural classifications of joints?

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial

What are fibrous joints?

They are joints that connect bones with collagen fibers of dense connective tissue.

> Mostly immoveable (synarthroses)

What are cartilaginous joints?

They are joints that connect bones with cartilage

> Can be rigid but also slightly movable (amphiarthroses)

What are synovial joints?

They are joints that connect bones with dense connective tissues and a fluid filled joint cavity

> All of them are diarthroses (freely moving)

Homeostasis

It is a self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.

Label the posterior view of the muscular system.

What needs to happen for muscle contraction to occur?

Muscle contraction begins when the nervous system generates a signal. The signal, an impulse called an action potential, travels through a type of nerve cell called a motor neuron.

Why is the nervous system important for muscle contraction?

The motor neurons release a chemical, which is picked up by the muscle fiber. This tells the muscle fiber to contract, which makes the muscles move. Neurons carry messages from the brain via the spinal cord. These messages are carried to the muscles which tell the muscle fiber to contract, which makes the muscles move.

Summarize the sliding filament model and explain what happens when muscles contract.

Muscles contract because sarcomeres contract when the myofilaments slide past each other. This happens when the heads of the thick myosin filament heads grab on to the thin actin filaments and pull the thin filaments to slide past the thick ones. This causes the filaments to overlap more and the sarcomere to shorten.

List three (3) ways that muscles can increase the force of their contraction.

1. Increasing or decreasing the number of motor units active at any one time changes the amount of force produced by a muscle.

2. Exercise-induced muscle damage

3. An increase in the level of circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system also increases the force of contraction.