Chapter 1 – U.S. Health Care Vocabulary

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Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Chapter 1 of Stanfield’s Introduction to Health Professions, Eighth Edition.

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39 Terms

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Affordable Care Act (ACA)

2010 U.S. health-reform law designed to control rising costs, expand insurance coverage, and improve quality of care.

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Volume-based Reimbursement System

Payment model that rewards providers for the quantity of services delivered rather than the quality or outcomes.

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Preventive Services

Healthcare interventions—such as screenings and immunizations—aimed at preventing disease before it occurs.

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Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

Social and economic conditions—like income, education, and environment—that strongly influence health outcomes.

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Health Disparities

Differences in health outcomes among population groups, often resulting from unmet social needs or discrimination.

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Equality vs. Equity (Health Context)

Equality offers identical resources to all; equity allocates resources based on need to achieve fair health outcomes.

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Aging Population

Growing proportion of older adults that increases demand for healthcare services and chronic disease management.

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Chronic Disease

Long-lasting health condition (e.g., diabetes, heart disease) that drives healthcare utilization and costs.

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Administrative Costs (Healthcare)

Expenses related to billing, insurance processing, and management that significantly add to U.S. health spending.

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Epidemic

An outbreak of an infectious disease affecting a large number of people within a community or region.

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Sanitation and Hygiene

Public health measures—such as clean water and handwashing—that dramatically reduce infectious disease spread.

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Vaccines

Biologic preparations that provide immunity against specific infectious diseases, crucial for epidemic control.

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World Health Organization (WHO)

UN agency directing international public health efforts, including promotion of universal vaccination.

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Population Health

Health outcomes of a group of individuals, including how those outcomes are distributed within the group.

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Mortality Rate

Measure of the frequency of deaths in a population during a specified time period.

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Life Expectancy

Average number of years an individual is expected to live based on current mortality patterns.

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Opioid Use Disorder

Addiction to prescription or illicit opioids, a growing cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S.

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Infant Mortality

Deaths of infants under one year old; a key indicator of a nation’s overall health.

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant, one of the leading causes of infant mortality.

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Clinical Preventive Services

Routine services—immunizations, screenings, counseling—provided to avert illness and detect disease early.

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Globalization (Health Context)

Worldwide interconnectedness that facilitates faster spread of infectious and foodborne diseases.

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Zoonotic Disease

Infection transmitted from animals to humans, such as COVID-19.

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Items like masks, gloves, and gowns used to protect individuals from exposure to health hazards.

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Telehealth

Delivery of healthcare services via telecommunications technology; widely adopted during COVID-19.

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National Institutes of Health (NIH)

U.S. federal agency that conducts and supports biomedical and public health research.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

U.S. agency responsible for monitoring, preventing, and controlling disease and injury.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Health

Computer algorithms that analyze medical data to support clinical decision-making and efficiency.

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Electronic Health Record (EHR)

Digital version of a patient’s chart that can be shared across different healthcare settings.

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Human Genome Project

International research effort that mapped the human genetic code, enabling advances in personalized medicine.

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Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

Developmental conditions characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and behavior.

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Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Therapy using behavioral principles to improve socially significant behaviors, often used to treat ASD.

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Alzheimer’s Disease

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to memory loss and cognitive decline.

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Social & Economic Factors (Health)

Elements such as education, employment, and income that exert the greatest influence on health outcomes.

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CMS Innovation Center

Division of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services that tests new payment and service delivery models.

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Government Role in Health Care

Federal and state actions—regulation, funding, public insurance—that shape the U.S. healthcare system.

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Health Information Technology (Health IT)

Use of computer systems to store, share, and analyze health information for improved patient care.

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Foodborne Illness

Disease caused by consuming contaminated food, risk heightened by global supply chains.

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Longevity

Length or duration of life; often increased through medical advances and public health measures.

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Preventive Medicine

Medical practice focused on disease prevention and health promotion rather than treatment of illness.