Chapter 12: Industrialization and Romanticism

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering the transition from the Age of Industrialization to the Romantic Movement, including key figures in literature, art, and music.

Age of Industrialization

A period beginning after the Scientific Enlightenment characterized by inventions like the steam engine, cotton gin, and machine loom, leading to both faster production and poor working conditions.

Romantic Movement

An artistic and intellectual movement that grew in response to the Enlightenment and Industrialization, prioritizing emotion, nature, imagination, and individual insight over reason and scientific fact.

Sublime

A Romantic concept describing truth as something profound and awe-inspiring that is not measurable by scientific standards.

First Estate

The French clergy who paid no taxes to the French king prior to the revolution.

Second Estate

The French nobility who paid no taxes to the French king prior to the revolution.

Third Estate

The middle and lower class in France who paid all taxes to the crown, often amounting to $4/5$ of their income by the start of the revolution.

National Assembly

A group formed in June 1789 by members of the Third Estate in order to gain political control.

Storming of the Bastille

A symbolic show of power on July 14, 1789, where a prison for nobility was attacked to free prisoners and confiscate ammunition.

Reign of Terror

A period of extreme violence during the French Revolution characterized by the execution of approximately 40,000 nobles, including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, via the guillotine.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A commoner general who overthrew the ineffectual French government and was initially seen as a Romantic hero before seeking to conquer all of Europe.

Robert Burns

The founder of Romantic poetry known for using Scottish dialect and traditional rural settings in works like "Auld Lang Syne."

William Blake

A Romantic social activist, poet, and artist who wrote "Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience" and chronicled the horrors of slavery in his art.

Lyrical Ballads

A collection published in 1798 by Wordsworth and Coleridge that marked a shift in the subject matter and tone of poetry.

William Wordsworth

A Romantic poet whose work, including "Tintern Abbey," centered on nature and the inner state-of-mind.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

An opium-addicted Romantic poet known for using supernatural elements in works like "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner."

Byronic Hero

A trope inspired by George Gordon, Lord Byron, used in his works like "Don Juan" and "Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage."

Gothic Novel

A subgenre of the Romantic novel characterized by supernatural elements and mystery, such as Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein."

Transcendentalism

An American movement led by Ralph Waldo Emerson that encouraged individualism, nonconformity, and self-reliance.

Leaves of Grass

A collection of free verse poetry by Walt Whitman, who is considered the father of modern poetic form.

Moby Dick

A novel by Herman Melville, based on his experience on a whaling ship, exploring the theme of Man vs. Nature.

The Scarlet Letter

A novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne that blends a Puritan setting with themes of sin and magic.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

An abolitionist novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that was successful in winning over upper-class white readers to the cause.

The Slave Ship

A painting by J.M.W. Turner created after slavery ended, depicting God's punishment against slave ships.

The Third of May 1808

A painting by Francisco Goya that exposes the brutality of war by showing the execution of surrendered Spanish troops.

The Raft of the Medusa

A work of protest art by Theodore Gericault that used grisly details to criticize the treatment of the lower classes.

Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog

A painting by Caspar David Friedrich capturing the solitude and power of nature where man appears small and unimportant.

Ludwig van Beethoven

The first Romantic composer who gained independence from patrons and continued to compose despite becoming profoundly deaf.

Programmatic music

A type of music designed to tell a story.

Richard Wagner

A Romantic composer known for his operas and symphonies, including "Tristan und Isolde."