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Moroccan Crises (1905, 1911)
What: Germans under Wilhelm II, challenged French claims to Morocco by "supporting" Moroccan independence.
Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding World War I.
Triple Entente
A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.
Arab Revolt
against the Ottoman Empire with the support of the British (Lawrence of Arabia)
Armenian Genocide
the Turkish government organized the department of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries
Spanish Flu
Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918, killing more than 50 million people
Trench Warfare
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
Vladimir Lenin
Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).
Bolshevik Revolution
The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.
New Economic Policy
Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership
5 year plan
Stalin's plan to reorganize the industry and agriculture to catch up with the industrialized west with collectivization of farms and unrealistic production quotas in factories
Joseph Stalin
Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953.
Dekulakization
Liquidating of well-off peasant class by taking their land and sending them to labor camps or killing them outright in the 1920 and 1930s
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
Mandate System
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.
Nuremburg Laws (1935)
deprived German Jews of citizenship, defined as Jewish any person with one Jewish grandparent
Great Purge
(1934), Stalin cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, his net soon widened to target army heroes, industrial managers, writers and citizens, they were charged with a wide range of crimes, from plots to failure to not meeting production quotas.
Totalitarianism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Fascism
A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
Benito Mussolini
Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.
Adolf Hitler
Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.
Great Depression
the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s
Keynesian economics
Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.
New Deal
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Spanish Civil War
civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government
Munich Agreement
Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war
Second Sino-Japanese War
Series of incidents between China and Japan in the summer of 1937, most were open warfare
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other
World War I
A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.
World War II
War fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allies and the Axis, involving most countries in the world. The United States joined the Allies in 1941, helping them to victory.
Radar and Sonar
These were invented to detect enemy airplanes and submarines; helped Allies win WWII
Nuremburg Trials (1945)
Series of trials conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes (790)
Manhattan Project
A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.
Nanking Massacre
the murder of as many as 300,000 Chinese men, women, and children by Japanese troops
Final Solution / Holocaust
was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust
