parks and refuges

ecological, cultural, and recreational

parks and refuges preserve ____ values

biodiversity reservoirs, carbon sinks, and public recreation centers

parks and refuges serve as…

parks

managed primarily for public recreation and enjoyment

habitat and wildlife protection

secondary objectives of parks may include…

refuges

managed primarily for wildlife conservation and ecosystem integrity

management emphasis and visitor access

parks and refuges share conservation intent but differ in…

the conservation balance

balancing human use with ecosystem preservation

active management

the conservation balance requires ____ to maintain ecological health

intelligent tinkering

Aldo Leopold’s idea of _____ explains that managers must maintain all ecosystem components necessary for long-term function

wildlife observation

a primary motivator for visitation of parks and refuges

aesthetic, psychological, and educational

the visitor experience enhances recreation through _____ value

visitor satisfaction

seeing large mammals or small animals enhances…

bighorn sheep, deer, and mountain goats

examples of large mammals

beavers, ptgarmigan, and birds

examples of small animals

minimize disturbance

management for wildlife viewing design access to ______ to natural behaviors

boardwalks, blinds, viewing towers, and tour vehicles

examples of management for wildlife viewing that minimize disturbance of nature

whooping crane tower

premier example of management for wildlife viewing

yellowstone national park (1872)

world’s first national park

national park service organic act

management and philosophy of national parks is governed by…

National Park Service Organic Act (1916)

maintain areas “unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations”

ecosystem processes

Leopold Report (1963) reframed management of national parks toward ____, not scenergy alone

fire ecology, predator-prey balance, and natural succession

management and philosophy of national parks placed emphasis on…

fire management in savanna and pine ecosystems

wolf reintroduction into yellowstone

elephant overpopulation in African parks

overvisitation

examples of management and philosophy of national parks

national monuments

allows the president to protect “objects of historic or scientific interest” without congressional approval

Antiquities Act of 1906

national monuments were established under the…

rapid protection

national monuments provide ____ for natural, cultural, or arachaeological sites

NPS, BLM, USFS, and NOAA/USFWS

national monuments are managed by…

NPS

deal with natural and scenic sites

BLM

deal with large landscapes and mixed-use lands

USFS

deals with forest and grassland monuments

NOAA/USFWS

deal with marine monuments

deserts, canyons, reefs, and volcanic systems

national monuments protect underrepresented habitats and landscapes like…

grand staircase, organ mountains, and papahanaumokuakea

examples of national monuments that are protected for ecological cultural significance

Grand Saircase in Escalante, Utah

houses canyons, fossils, and endemic plants

Organ Mountains in Desert Peaks, North Montana

houses Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems

Papahanaumokuakea in Hawaii

houses vast marine biodiversity and coral reefs

bears ears, canyon de chelly, and statue of liberty

examples of national monument that integrate indigenous heritage and ecological preservation through co-management

Bears Ears in Utah

co-managed with five Native American tribes, protecting over 100,000 archaeological sites

Canyon de Chelly in Arizona

managed in partnership with Navajo Nation

Statue of Libertry in Fort Sumter

demonstrate symbolic and historic value

cultural heritage and natural landscapes

national monuments can highlight link between…

smaller and more flexible

management of national monuments is typically ____ than national parks

co-stewardship and adaptive management

management and policies of national monuments encourage ______ with tribal and local partners

parks and refuges

national monuments is a bridge between ______

30×30 goals

national monuments are a key tool in achieving…

30×30 goals

conserve 30% of U.S. lands and waters by 2030.

removal of predators, hunting restrictions, confined populations, visitor feeding, and food conditioning

causes of overpopulation of animals in parks

overbrowsing of vegetation, altered plant composition, reduced species diversity, and starvation and disease outbreaks

ecological consequences of overpopulation of animals in parks

natural regulation and active management

management approaches of overpopulation of animals in parks

natural regulation

allow population self-regulation through predation and competition

active management

selective culling, fertility control, or reintroducing predators

elk overpopulation in yellowstone and white-tailed deer overabundance in eastern U.S. parks

case studies of overpopulation of animals in parks

elephants

transform savannas into open woodlands

dump enclosures and bear-proofing infrasture

created Interagency Grizzley Bear Committe (1986)

grizzley bear management

black bear conflicts

occur when visitors feed wildlife or leave food unsecured

temperature and prolonged feeding exposure

black bear agression increases with…

behavorial education and infrastructure

the bear and human conflicts taught us human-wildlife coexistence hinges on…

local dependence on wildlife for meat, fuel, and income conflicts with park goals

protected areas sometimes perceived as exclusionary or colonial constructs

challenges of park development in developing regions

ecodevelopment and community-based conservation

integrated conservation approaches for park development

ecodevelopment

links conservation with tangible community benefits like schools and clinics

community-based conservation (CBC)

promotes local employment and stewardship

Serengeti NP, Gir Forest in India, and Costa Rica

global examples of park development

Serengeti National Park

balancing ecotourism, poaching, and community development

Gir Forest, India

coexistence with Maldhari pastoralists

Costa Rica

national park model integrating ecotourism and education

transfrontier parks

transboundary protected areas jointly managed by neighboring countries

migration corridors, peacebuilding, and ecological connectivity

transfrontier parks facilitate…

Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, and Kavango-Zambezi TFCA

examples of transfrontier parks

larger ecological scales for conservation

shared tourism revenue and cultural cooperation

reduction of political boundaries that fragment ecosystems

benefits of transfrontier parks

pelican island, florida (1903)

first refuge created by Theodore Roosevelt

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

the National Wildlife Refuge System is managed by…

>560 refuges, covering >150 million acres

the National Wildlife Refuge System now includes…

protect critical breeding, feeding, and resting habitats

support endangered species, migratory birds, and wetland conservation

objectives of the National Wildlife Refuge System

waterfowl production areas, coastal and marine refuges, and wetland management districts

types of refuges in the National Wildlife Refuge System

Aransas NWR, TX

wintering ground for whooping cranes

Boseque del Apache NWR, NM

has waterfowl migration staging

Kenai NWR, AK

large mammal and salmon ecosystem management

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD)

Texas state parks are managed by…

Texas state parks

provide recreation, education, and conservation across diverse ecosystems

80 state parks and historic sites

Texas state parks ecompass over…

all Texas ecoregions

Texas state parks protect representative landscapes across…

Garner, Pedernales Falls, Brazos Bend, and Palo Duro Canyon

examples of Texas state parks

invasive species, visitor pressure, fire management, and funding balance

management issues of Texas state parks

wildlife management areas (WMAs)

TPWD-managed lands for research, habitat management, and hunting

demonstration and education centers

WMAs serve as _____ for landowners and professionals

native vegetation and disturbance regimes

WMAs maintain…

Matador, Black Gap, and Mad Island

examples of WMAs

adaptive, science-based management

WMAs encourage ____ for sustainable use

state natural areas (SNAs)

protect rare and fragile natural communities

ecosystem preservation

SNAs are managed for ____ with limited human access

reference ecosystems

SNAs serve as _____ for restoration and long-term ecological research

Lost Maples, Devil’s River, and Enchanted Rock

examples of SNAs

Los Maples SNA

maple-dominated relic forest of Edwards Plateau

Devil’s River SNA

pristine desert riparian habitat

Enchanted Rock SNA

granite dome ecosystem with endemic flora

Matador WMA

grassland restoration, quail research

Black Gap WMA

desert bighorn sheep reintroduction

Mad Island WMA

coastal marsh and waterfowl management

Garner SP

riparian habitat on the Frio River

Pedernales Falls SP

Hill Country aquatic systems