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Which of the following best describes the relationship between income inequality and aggression?
States and countries with higher levels of income inequality have higher rates of aggression
What do all three explanations for social facilitation (mere-presence, evaluation apprehension, and distraction-conflict) have in common?
They all describe social facilitation as the product of increased autonomic arousal.
Research has found that social rejection activates the same brain regions as those activated when people are
Experiencing physical pain
Kari is practicing lines for a school play. According to the research reviewed in the textbook, under what conditions will the presence of other detract from her ability to learn the lines?
If Kari finds the task difficult
If a group of middle-schoolers suddenly began ignoring a classmate and no longer including them in games during recess without any explanation or acknowledgement of the classmate, this would be an example of
Ostracism
Which of the following best explains the results obtained by Bernstein and colleagues in the social rejection study discussed during lecture?
Social rejection makes us less self-aware and more insecure.
A decrease in overall self-awareness, along with increased autonomic arousal and diffused responsibility, leads to a psychological state called...
Deindividuation
Research on social ___ suggests that performance ___ when unfamiliar tasks are performed in the presence of others.
Facilitation; suffers
When a group fails to function correctly because they become more concerned with keeping everyone happy than doing their job, they are experiencing...
Groupthink
Early research on social facilitation found that the mere presence of others tends to facilitate performance ____, but to hinder performance ____.
on easy tastes; on difficult tasks
What was the major finding in the social rejection study done by Bernstein and colleagues that was discussed during lecture?
People who experienced social rejection were better at telling real smiles from fake smiles than people who did not experience social rejection.
Laura feels lost in a crowd at a rock concert nad is experiencing deindividuation. This means Laura is...
Less self aware, less concerned with others' evaluations, and less inhibited.
The mass shooting at Columbine High School is an example of ___ agression
Hostile
In order to prevent the occurrence of groupthink, a group leader should
refrain from making his or her opinion known at the beginning of the discussion
Which of the following is NOT an act of aggression?
A man backs a car out of a driveway and accidentally hits a child who walked behind the car .
Evidence that social rejection triggers a physical threat defense system, which includes the tendency to act aggressively, supports a(n) ___ explanation of aggression as a result of social rejection.
Evolutionary
When we help others in order to receive positive attention or gratitude, we are motivated by ____, but when we help others because we identify with people in need, we are motivated by ____.
Social rewards; Empathic concern
The two basic elements of a group as defined in lecture are...
Hierarchy and purpose
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the phenomenon of social loafing?
Exerting minimal effort on a group project
Michael is exceptionally good at Ping-Pong. According to research on social facilitation, when good players such as Michael know they are being watched while they play, they perform
Better than good players who do not know they are being watched
In their survey of the research on video games and aggression, Anderson and Bushman found that playing violent video games....
Increases aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior, and decreases prosocial behavior.
Early studies showed that decisions made in groups were riskier than decisions made on one's own. Later research, however, showed that group decisions are not always riskier than individual decisions but do tend to be more extreme. This phenomenon is captured by the concept of
Group polarization
Which of the following statements captures the persuasive arguments account of why group polarization occurs? Discussing an issue in a group...
Exposes group members to even more arguments in favor of the position that the average group member was already inclined to take.
Imagine a group of corporate managers are experiencing group polarization. Which of the following is a symptom of this phenomenon?
Group members take on increasingly more extreme stances to protect their own self-concepts.
The belief that the presence of others in a situation makes one less personally responsible for what happens is called
Diffusion of responsibility
According to lecture, what was the purpose of depicting enemies as animals and monsters in war propaganda posters?
It dehumanized them, making it easier to justify violence toward them.
Research into social rejection has yielded some contradictory findings. According to lecture, which factors seem to be the most important in determining the effect of social rejection?
Whether the rejection is immediate or eventual, and how severe the rejection is.
Diffusion of responsibility involves
Assuming that other people who are present during an emergency will provide help to a victim.
After a painful breakup, Alex selles his possessions and moves to a cabin in an isolated part of the Pacific Northwest. He grows his own food and spends the rest of his days in solitude, with minimal to no contact with other people. This is an example of which response to social rejection?
Avoidance
A group formed to accomplish a particular job is a ____ group, and a group formed to provide support and comfort to its members is a ____ group.
Task; socioemotional
How does research on attributional processes help to explain the link between hot weather and aggression?
People are physiologically aroused by the heat, and they misattribute this arousal to other more obvious triggers, such as an irritating romantic partner.
Imagine that you witness a car plowing into a pedestrian. Research on bystander intervention suggests that you are most likely to offer help if there
Is only one other eyewitness
Aggression that is motivated by feelings of anger and hostility is called ____ aggression, whereas aggression that is motivated by a desire to gain status or to acquire wealth is called ____.
Hostile; instrumental
The symptoms of groupthink include all of the following EXCEPT
being open to outside criticism
According to ____ theory, being aware of another person's presence divides out attention between this person and the task at hand. This division of attention is arousing, which explains why people perform better on well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
Distraction-conflict
A restaurant owner spreads a false rumor that a competing restaurant was fined for a sanitary code violations. This is an example of what type of aggression?
Relational
One key factor in interpreting behavior that results in harm to another person as aggression is
The intention of the actor
Angela and her younger brother Bernie have a history of fighting. One day, Angela threatens Bernie in order to force him to give up a toy with which she wants to play. Then, Bernie gets so angry at her that he screams "I hate you!" Angela is demonstrating ____ aggression, and Bernie is demonstrating ___ aggression.
Instrumental; hostile
The common use of the term, "evil-doers" to describe members of certain groups could lead to increased violence against people who are perceived to be members of those groups. What process is facilitating such aggression?
Dehumanization
Tom finds solving math problems easy. According to the research reviewed in the textbook, when Tom solves math problems in the presence of others (as opposed to alone), his
Performance is likely to improve
Lee realizes he needs some additional tax deductions so he donates his family's old clothing and household good to a local charity. His behavior would be considered an example of
Egoistic helping
The person who kick the soft-drink dispenser in order to obtain the change he was entitled to is engaging in what type of aggression?
Instrumental
What effect does social rejection have on our mood?
It may increase negative mood or have no effect, depending on other factors
What effect does social rejection have on pain sensitivity?
It may make us more sensitive or less sensitive to pain , depending on other factors.
Which of the following best explains the similarities between the experience of ostracism and the experience of threat?
Being rejected or excluded from a group is as harmful to our survival as an actual injury.
Jason is getting ready to give the first lecture of his teaching career. As he steps up to the podium and looks out to at the lecture hall, he struck by the fear that he will appear super incompetent in front of his students. Jason is experiencing
Evaluation apprehension
The most common behavioral response to social rejection is ___.
Affiliation
Doug Lowenstein, president of the Interactive Digital Software Association, stated, "There is absolutely no evidence, none, that playing a violent video game leads to aggressive behavior." Research by Anderson and Bushman and their colleagues suggests that Lowenstein is
Incorrect because many studies show violent video games increase aggression
Imagine that a group of corporate managers are experiencing groupthink. Which of the following behaviors might they display?
They value reaching a consensus over critically evaluating the facts.
Ralph killed his wife in order to collect on a large life insurance policy. This scenario is an example of ________ aggression.
Instrumental
Which of the following scenarios best captures the definition of a group, as described in the textbook?
People who decide how to help a stranded motorist.
In a review of 35 studies, Anderson and Bushman documented several effects of playing violent video games. Which of the following is one of those effects?
Violent video games decrease prosocial behavior.
Evaluation apprehension can ___ a task, and thereby leads to more pronounced social facilitation effects.
Increase how aroused we are during
According to research on group polarization, people who make decisions in groups tend to are more ___ decisions than people who make decisions on their own.
Extreme
Which of the following statements captures the risky shift phenomenon?
Groups tend to make riskier decisions than individuals.
Imagine you are playing a video game when five strangers arrive to watch you. According to early research on social facilitation, the ____ created by the presence of these strangers would impair your performance if you ____ this particular video game.
Arousal; are unfamiliar with
Nick Haslam and Steve Loughnan (2014) have distinguished between two forms of dehumanization. Denial of human ________ occurs when targets are viewed as animals or savages, whereas denial of human ________ occurs when targets are viewed as inanimate entities, such as computers or robots.
Uniqueness; nature
Which of the following best describes gender differences in the use of aggression?
Men are more likely to use physical aggression, women are more likely to use relational aggression, and both are equally likely to use verbal aggression.
Which of the following historical events was described in class as an example of failures in group decision-making?
The destruction of the space shuttle Challenger on launch.
Clara, a French citizen, is deciding whether to take a job in Ireland, a country with relatively low income inequality, or the United States, a country with relatively high income inequality. Clara feels strongly that she wants to live in a place where her children are less likely to be bullied. Which country might be a better choice for her in that regard?
Ireland
