HIS 122 Final Exam Review

Which of the following is true of the spread of disease that resulted from the Columbian exchange?

a.) Over the course of a century, beginning in the early 1500s, the indigenous population of Mexico was reduced by some 90 percent by smallpox and other diseases.

Initially, the most prominent European nation in pursuing early voyages of long-distance exploration was

c.) Portugal

Which of the following was an effect of the transfer of native American food crops to the eastern hemisphere?

b.) Parts of West Africa were able to support larger populations

Which of the following men conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down the west African coast?

e.) Henry of Portugal

The second largest migration pattern in the nineteenth century (after the transfer of enslaved Africans to the Americas) was

a.) roughly equal numbers of Europeans traveling globally and Asian peoples migrating to tropical and subtropical destinations.

Christopher Columbus's decision to sail west to reach Asia was based on

d.) his miscalculation of the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan.

The first circumnavigation of the world was completed in 1522 by

d.) Ferdinand Magellan's Crew

Ferdinand Magellan established a trade route between Mexico and

e.) the Philippines.

In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, Europeans during the period between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries

e.) met with limited success because of a lack of people and military power

Which of the following was NOT an advantage the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese?

c.) They had much better captains.

Which of the following was a characteristic of European trade and influence in southeast Asia?

c.) largely peaceful trade alongside Arab, Indian, Malay, and Chinese merchants

The most prosperous country in Europe during most of the seventeenth century was

d.) the Netherlands.

In the long run, the Columbian exchange

e.) increased world population because of the spread of new food crops

Which of the following was a component of John Calvin's teachings that differed from or was absent from those of Martin Luther?

d.) Salvation was predestined.

Henry VIII's reformation in England

b.) was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation.

The explosion of witch-hunting in the sixteenth century was heavily influenced by

d.) tensions between Catholics and Protestants.

What English monarch ruled during the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada?

e.) Elizabeth I

The most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century was the

a.) Thirty Years' War.

Which of the following states developed constitutional governments in the seventeenth century?

e.) England and the Netherlands

The English Civil War ended with the trial and decapitation of

b.) Charles I.

Catherine the Great's attempts at reform in Russia were essentially ended by

d.) Pugachev's rebellion.

Versailles was the magnificent royal palace of

e.) Louis XIV.

The fundamental principle of diplomacy in early modern Europe was

e.) the balance of power.

How did capitalism transform the economies of eastern Europe compared to those of western Europe?

e.) Eastern Europe saw less economic development and became more a supplier of raw materials.

The theory of universal gravity is associated with

a.) Isaac Newton.

Which of the following best describes the use of Taíno labor by the Spanish?

d.) It was effectively a system of brutal slavery organized through the encomienda system.

The population of the Caribbean went from about four million in 1492 to________ in the 1540s.

a.) a few thousand

Which of the following best describes the evolution of the economies of the Caribbean islands after Spanish contact?

b.) a brief period of low production of precious metals, followed by a period of inactivity, then the growth of sugar plantations and later tobacco

The conquistador who conquered the Inca empire was

e.) Pizarro.

The last ruler of the Inca was

b.) Atahualpa.

The two centers of Spanish royal authority in the Americas were

c.) Lima and Mexico City.

The Treaty of Tordesillas

b.) split Central and South America between Spain and Portugal.

Which of the following sites in North America was originally a Dutch colony?

d.) New York

In which of the following ways did English colonization in the Americas differ from that of the Spanish?

b.) The English settlers had more self-government and autonomy from royal rule.

Which of the following is true of the ways in which indigenous peoples opposed—or failed to oppose—European conquerors settlers?

d.) Indigenous Americans in eastern North America conducted raids on farming communities to resist the European practice of demanding exclusive use of lands.

For the Spanish, the greatest attraction of the Americas was

a.) precious metals.

To provide labor for their sugar plantations, the Portuguese began in the 1580s

e.) to rely on enslaved Africans as laborers on a large scale.

Which of the following countries established the first permanent settlement in Australia?

a.) England

The rise in maritime trade in the early modern era in Africa

d.) resulted in regional kingdoms replacing the imperial states of west Africa.

In which of the following ways were plantation societies in North America different from those of South America and the Caribbean?

a.) There was a higher proportion of enslaved women in North America.

In 1505 all the Swahili city-states were subdued by the

a.) Portuguese.

The ruler of the kingdom of Kongo, Afonso I, converted to what religion and encouraged his subjects to convert as well?

c.) Christianity

An alliance with Portugal brought wealth and foreign recognition to Kongo as well as

e.) the eventual destruction of the kingdom.

The chief obstacle to Portuguese control of Angola came from

a.) Queen Nzinga.

The first European colony in sub-Saharan Africa was

b.) Angola.

As part of the triangular trade, Europeans usually traded enslaved people in Africa in return for

a.) horses and manufactured goods.

Over the course of the entire period of trans-Atlantic slavery, the mortality rate for the middle passage was

c.) 25 percent.

How many Africans were forcefully brought to the Americas as part of the trans-Atlantic slave trade?

e.) twelve million

The only place where a slave revolt actually brought about an end to slavery was

c.) Saint-Domingue.

The first European nation to abolish the slave trade was

b.) Denmark.

In 1368, the Ming dynasty replaced the________ dynasty.

C) Yuan

In 1421, Yongle moved the capital of China to

A) Beijing.

In an effort to stabilize China internally, the Ming emperors

B) stressed Chinese traditions from the era before the Mongol Yuan dynasty.

Which of the following was a reason for Ming dynasty decline?

D) corruption and indulgence among emperors who ignored societal problems

Which of the following was a major Manchu policy or initiative after coming to power in China?

A) They sought to maintain a distinctive Manchu identity by forbidding Chinese people to intermarry with Manchus or to learn the Manchu language.

Regarding ruling philosophy and techniques, the Qing

A) followed the same pattern that the Ming had established.

What was among the duties or responsibilities assumed by Chinese clans?

B) support of education for promising members

Foreign trade during the Qing dynasty was

D) tightly monitored and controlled by the government.

China fell behind technologically during the Ming and Qing dynasties in part because

E) the governments favored political and social stability over technological innovation.

The Chinese were hesitant to convert to Christianity in this era partly because

D) Christianity taught exclusivity, claiming to be the only true religion.

Who were the daimyo?

E) powerful territorial lords

Which of the following is true of Japanese foreign policy under the shoguns?

E) Beginning in 1630, policies were implemented that sought to sharply restrict Japanese interaction with foreign lands.

What was the ultimate fate of the samurai under Tokugawa rule?

C) Many experienced financial hardships and gradually declined in status and wealth.

Which of the following is true of the characteristics of the dynastic state in the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires?

E) The empires were all created by military conquest and were considered to be owned by the emperors of each state.

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires all originally came from

D) nomadic, Turkic-speaking tribes.

Which of the following is true of the role of women in politics in the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires?

D) Many emperors elevated the status of their wives and relatives, who then exerted power over affairs of state through advising the emperors.

The problems with succession to the role of emperor in the three major empires was caused partly by which of the following?

A) the emperor's possession of large harems that encouraged competition among wives and concubines and children

How did the Mughals differ from the Ottomans and the Safavids on trade?

D) They sought less foreign trade in part because their controlled lands were so productive.

The Mughal empire reached its greatest geographic extent during the reign of

C) Aurangzeb.

The steppe tradition that caused the greatest problem for the Islamic empires was the

C) bloody competition among heirs to the throne.

Because of protests from moralists, the Ottoman sultan Murad IV

A) outlawed coffee and tobacco.

Sikhs created a syncretic combination of

C) Hinduism and Islam.

The jizya was the tax paid by

D) non-Muslims as the price for retaining their religion in an Islamic country.

What did the Wahhabi movement in Arabia represent for the Ottoman empire?

A) a weakening of the dynasty through an attack by a conservative Muslim movement

Which of the following was a major factor in the decline of the Islamic empires?

B) long and expensive wars that yielded little to no rewards

Which of the following accurately describes a cause of the American revolution?

e.) The colonists essentially opposed new British policies based on legal traditions established earlier in British history.

The revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century helped to spread Enlightenment ideals and

A) encouraged the consolidation of national states.

Which of the following was part of Locke's core arguments?

E) In forming states, individuals granted political rights to leaders but retained personal rights

After the Seven Years' War,

E) the American colonists grew increasingly frustrated with British control and taxes.

In the years leading up to the American Revolution, the colonies responded to increasing British levies with the slogan

E) "no taxation without representation."

Which of the following is true of the American state that was formed in the immediate wake of the American revolution?

A) The new government was both federal and based on the idea of popular sovereignty.

The leaders of the French revolution

C) called for a complete reorganizing of French political, social, and cultural structures.

In August 1789, the National Assembly expressed the guiding principles of the French revolution by issuing

C) the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

The turning point in Napoleon's empire was his disastrous 1812 invasion of

C) Russia.

The only successful slave revolt in history took place in

B) Saint-Domingue.

Which of the following is true of the genesis and actions of the early women's rights movement?

B) The Seneca Falls conference came together in large part because antislavery campaigners barred women from participation.

The Young Italy movement

A) was a key inspiration for nationalist movements in Ireland, Switzerland, and Hungary.

What was a consequence of the nationalist rebellions of the 1820s through 1840s in Europe?

D) Greek independence

The Industrial Revolution began in

B) Great Britain.

What event made it clear that mid-nineteenth-century Russia was unable to compete with the industrial powers of western Europe?

A) the Crimean War

What was a crucial component of the development of the corporation that set it apart from the businesses that had come before?

D) making corporations legal entities separate and distinct from owners

In which of the following ways did industrialization affect the global balance of power or division of labor?

E) Some industrialized states forced nonindustrialized states to develop production of raw materials for export even against their will.

Henry Bessemer's innovations made it possible to produce cheaper

C) steel.

How did social reform laws end up reducing the independent power or status of women?

A) They forcibly decreased the hours women could work and thus limited women's economic opportunities.

The Luddites

D) were crafts workers who destroyed textile machines.

Which of the following was a consequence of industrialization in the social world?

a.) an increasingly patriarchal family system in which middle and upper-class males insisted on being the sole wage earner

Marx and Engels proposed that capitalism divided people into two classes. The classes were

B) the capitalists and the proletariat.

According to the Manifesto of the Communist Party, all of human history had been a history of

A) social class struggle.

In the late nineteenth century, Germany led the European countries in the movement to

B) pass reforms such as medical insurance and unemployment compensation for workers.

Over the long haul, trade unions

A) reduced the likelihood of a revolution by improving the lives of working people.