Animal Nutrition Final

What are the 6 chemically distinct compounds considered as required nutrients for animals?

fats, mineral, water, protein, vitamins, and carbohydrates

What the nutrients that can be used as an energy source?

carbohydrates, protein, and fats

Which of the required nutrients are considered organic?

fats, proteins, vitamins, and carbohydrates

what are 4 ways you might evaluate the quality of a feedstuff?

price, smell, taste, previous experience

What energy yielding nutrient creates work for the liver and kidneys if used for energy?

protein

Between Chemical, Biological and Microbiological procedures used in the analytical evaluation of feeds, which one of those types of procedures is considered a quantitative procedure?

chemical

Between Chemical, Biological and Microbiological procedures used in the analytical evaluation of feeds, which one of those types of procedures is most often used as a first screening tool for toxins?

microbiological

What are 4 entities proximate analysis analyzes and their major issue with each

boiling (dry matter)- other nutrients besides water boil off

burning (ash)- Cl, Se, I, etc., all burn off in the process

nitrogen (crude protein)- the CP is based on how much N, not necessarily amino acids or real protein

ether extract (crude fiber)- extracts lipids, may extract things with nutritional value

In general, who would have the largest, most voluminous gastrointestinal tract a 100lb carnivore or 100 lb herbivore

100lb herbivore

What is the major function of the rumen?

fermentation

What is the major function of the reticulum?

regurgitation

What is the major function of the cecum?

fermentation

What is the major function of the abomasum?

‘true stomach’ acid secretion

What is the major function of the large intestine?

fermentation and collection site for waste material

What is the major function of the omasum?

dehydrates material

The Van Soest fiber method was developed to give us a better analysis of what two components of the Proximate Analysis System?

Nitrogen free extract and crude fiber

In the Van Soest fiber method, neutral detergent solubles fraction can be determined. What does the fraction measure/ contain?

non-structual solubles

In the Van Soest fiber method, neutral detergent fiber fraction can be determined. What does the fraction measure/ contain?

cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

In the Van Soest fiber method, acid detergent fiber fraction can be determined. What does the fraction measure/ contain?

cellulose and lignin

In the Van Soest fiber method, acid detergent lignin fraction can be determined. What does the fraction measure/ contain?

lignin

If a feed sample contains 24% Acid Detergent Fiber and 8% Acid Detergent Lignin, how much Cellulose was present in the original sample?

16%

Of all the components found in the plant cell wall, which one is not considered a carbohydrate and is near 100% indigestible?

Lignin

What does the bacterial name lipolytic imply?

It refers to bacteria that can digest lipids

What does the bacterial name amylolytic imply?

It refers to bacteria that can digest feed starch

What does the bacterial name methanogenic imply?

It refers to bacteria that produce methane

What does the bacterial name proteolytic imply?

It refers to bacteria that can digest proteins.

What does the bacterial name fibrolytic imply?

It refers to bacteria that can digest fiber

The small intestine in most animals is composed of 3 distinct sections. What are those sections and what is each section's general function?

duodenum- digestion

jejunum- both absorption and digestion

ileum- absorption

What are the names of the 3 predominant volatile fatty acids from anerobic fermentation? Which one can be used to make glucose.

acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, with propionic acid can be used to make glucose.

True or False: The parietal cells in the fundic region of the stomach are responsible for HCl production.

True

True or False: Lignin is a carbohydrate typically found in the cell wall of plants.

False

True or False: The amount of water absorbed across the gastrointestinal wall can be affected by animal species and dietary composition

True

True or False: the metabolism of carbohydrates generates more water than does the metabolism of fats

False

Besides, volatile fatty acids, what would be two other usable products from the fermentation that occurs in a pre-gastric fermenting animal? What would be an additional non-usable product?

Usable products- bacteria and water soluble vitamins

non-usable product- gas (CO2 and CH4)

What fermentative end-product that is usable in pre-gastric fermentative animals is not typically a usable product in post-gastric fermentative animals? Why?

Bacteria, post-gastric fermenters primarily utilize fermentation products differently, focusing on absorbing nutrients rather than growing microbial mass.

The general (GROSS) energy schematic used in animal nutrition breaks feed energy down into 4 usable forms. What are those 4 forms and what is lost in the conversion of each to the subsequent next usable form.

Gross Energy (fecal energy lost) —> digestive energy (gas and urine energy lose) —> Metabolizable energy (heat lost) —> net energy (energy lost in maintenance)

What are the 3 sources of water that can be used by an animal to meet its daily needs?

running water, feed, metabolic water

List 4 functions that water plays in the normal homeostasis of an animal

transport waste, responsible for chemicals of life, maintains cell shape, and thermoregulation

In the pre-gastric fermenting animal, please describe why bacteria that digest protein may be considered a good thing for the animal?

Bacteria breaks down protein to make different amino acids, essential, then bacteria gets digested/ the essential amino acids.

If an animal is eating food and is expected to be growing but it is only maintaining its current weight, what does that mean about the energy content of the diet relative to the animal's maintenance and growth energy requirements?

This would mean the energy from the diet is only being used for maintenance, so the Caloric value should increase, so there is leftover energy after maintenance for growth.

_____ is an essential amino acid necessary for proper eyesight in the feline.

Taurine

_____ is activated by HCl prior to it activating Trysinogen

enterokinase

_____ degrades large polypeptides(protein) to smaller peptides.

aminopeptidase

_____ must be degraded to simple sugars or fermented to VFA's to be absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract.

Carbohydrates

______ is an amino acid that contains sulfur

methionine

______ contains a mineral, 2 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

Phospholipid

______ are involved in the transport of fat and cholesterol in the body

Lipoproteins

_____ is the metabolic entry point for compounds such as glycerol and propionic acid

pyruvate

_____ can be used to make arachidonic acid in some animals

Linoleic acid

What three fatty acids are considered as essential in higher order animals like primates and carnivores?

linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid.

From the list which amino acids are essential in the average non-feline adult mammal at maintenance:

valine, taurine, arginine, tyrosine, methionine, tryptophan, proline, isoleucine, phenylalanine, alanine, leucine

valine, tyrosine, methionine, tryptophan, isoleucine, phenylalanine, leucine

True or False: Digestion of lipids is usually very poor, leading to deficiencies in in energy intake of animals consuming them.

False

True or False: Ketosis is often the result of insufficient glucose during times of high energy demand and excessive fat utilization to meet those demands.

True

True or False: Fats can be used as energy sources, for insulation and as a carrier of all vitamins.

False

True or False: Laminitis, founder and colic all share a commonality in that they can be caused by poor feeding practices involving carbohydrates being fermented to lactic acid.

True

True or False: The single sugar entity in cellulose is cellobiose.

False

True or False: The two-sugar entity in starch is mannose.

False

True or False: The chemical difference in cellulose and starch is the presence of Beta vs Alpha bonds.

True

True or False: "Biological Value" is a measure of a Protein source’s amino acid content and the amino acid availability.

True

True or False: Glucose is necessary in the formation of DNA and RNA as it can be converted to the pentose sugar arabinose.

False

True or False: Fructose can be used by the body as it is easily converted to glucose.

True

True or False: Lipids have approximately 2.25 x the energy value of carbohydrates and protein.

True

True or False: A saturated dietary fatty acid has double bonds in its carbon chain.

False

True or False: Digestion of dietary lipids occurs primarily in the stomach.

False

True or False: Free-fatty acids are the predominant source of lipids in most dietary ingredients.

False

True or False: Most dietary fatty acids are less than 24 carbons in length and even numbered.

True

True or False: Long chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature.

True

True or False: Waxes commonly found on or in foods are fatty acids typically bound to an alcohol other than glycerol.

True

True or False: Dogs have a dietary requirement for Taurine because they cannot synthesize it from Methionine.

False

True or False: Acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic acid are all volatile fatty acids made during bacterial fermentation.

False

True or False: Triglycerides, phospholipids, diglycerides and glycerol are all good sources of fatty acids.

False

What does the following nomenclature (16:1n7) mean in regards to fatty acids?

16: number of Carbons in chain

1: number of double bonds

n7: the position of the bond

A first limiting amino acid is a(n) _______ amino acid found in the diet in the lowest concentration relative to an animal's requirement, and with common feeds is usually _____ in mammals and _____ in poultry.

essential, lysine, methionine

In animals fed protein in excess, the _____ from the amino acids is excreted as urea while the ______ is used as energy.

amine group, carbon backbone

An animal with a nitrogen balance that is _____ is considered to be increasing in lean tissue mass.

positive

An animal with a nitrogen balance of _____ is considered to be fed at maintenance

0

______ is the enzyme that degrades starch.

Amylase

______ is the enzyme that degrades cellobiose

Cellobiase

Maltose come from the degradation of _____

starch

Sucrose is composed of _____ and glucose.

fructose

What are the fat soluble vitamins, and which is/are toxic

A, D, E, and K all are toxic except for E

What are the water soluble vitamins, and why aren’t they toxic?

B vitamins and C, they are nontoxic due to peeing out excess

How do we get Vitamin A from orange plants

the plants contain beta-carotene, and the intestinal enzymes cleave it to release retinol

What vitamin causes more deficiency issues than the other

vitamin A

What is the function of vitamin A

eye sight (cones and rods) and poor bone growth at growth plates

How many compounds of vitamin D are in the body

6 compounds

How to get vitamin D from plants

suncure the plants

What form of vitamin D do plants make and how

plants make ergosterol -U.V.→ ergocalciferol (D2)

What form of vitamin D do animals make and how

animals → cholesterol → dehydrocholesterol -UV→ cholecalciferol (D3)

True or False: most mammals can convert D2 → D3

true

True or False: birds can use D2

false

what is the function of Vitamin D

regulation of Calcium and Phosphorus in body

What does the thyroid sense and secrete

senses high calcium levels and secretes calcitonin that stops pth production

What does the parathyroid sense and make

senses low calcium levels and makes parathyroid hormone (PTH) that increases calcium in the blood

True or False: the absolute amount of calcium and phosphorous is more important than the ratio

False

What is the function of Vitamin E

anti-oxidant (radical scavenger)

True of False: we can fix slight Se deficiency with more Vitamin E but NEVER the opposite

True

Vitamin K function

blood clotting

Forms of Vitamin K and their form

K1- phylloquinone, plant based

K2- menaquinone, bacterial (animal tissues)

K3- menadione, synthetic

List the potency of the types of Vitamin K from least to most toxic

K1 < K2 < K3