2.1 Control and Coordination Practice Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the biological hierarchy, the stimulus-response model, nervous system anatomy, and endocrine gland functions based on the lecture notes.

Multicellular organism hierarchy

The sequence of biological complexity from simplest to most complex: Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, and Multicellular organisms.

Papillae

Structures on the surface of the tongue that provide texture and contain tastebuds, serving as part of the sensory system.

Electrical impulses

The signals used by nerves to communicate between cells.

Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Chemicals used by cells to communicate with each other to maintain a stable internal environment.

Response time

The time it takes to respond to a detected event, also known as a stimulus.

Adrenaline

A hormone produced by the endocrine system to trigger the body to 'get up and go' during dangerous situations.

Stimulus

A change in the environment that is detected by a receptor.

Receptor

A specialized cell or organ that detects a stimulus.

Effector

An organ or cell that helps bring about a response to a stimulus.

Response

The result of the action of an effector following a detected stimulus.

Stimulus–response model order

The sequence of events in a response: Stimulus → Receptor → Control centre → Effector → Response.

Neuron electrical impulse path

The direction of travel for an impulse through a neuron: Stimulus → Dendrite → Cell body → Axon.

Pancreas

An endocrine gland that controls blood glucose levels.

Pineal gland

An endocrine gland that controls body rhythms such as waking and sleeping.

Hypothalamus

An endocrine gland that holds responsibility for controlling body temperature.

Ovaries

Endocrine glands in females that control the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Photoreceptor

A type of receptor that specifically detects light.

Mechanoreceptor

A type of receptor that detects sound and mechanical stimuli.

Chemoreceptor

A type of receptor that detects chemicals.

Thermoreceptor

A type of receptor that detects changes in temperature.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system comprising the brain and the spinal cord.

Dendrites

The parts of a neuron that receive incoming signals or stimuli.

Axon

The long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body.

Chemical transmission

The method by which a message is transmitted between two different neurons.

Corpus callosum

The part of the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

Cerebellum

A region of the brain located at the back of the skull that coordinates muscular activity.

Brain stem

The posterior part of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord.

Negative feedback

A mechanism used by the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis, such as regulating blood glucose levels when they drop.