carbon dioxide transport

hydrogen carbonate ions

formed during the dissociation of carbonic acid as a result of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase

carbamino-haemogblobin

CO2 binds with amine groups of haemoglobin

oxyhaemoglobin

oxygen binds with haemoglobin

carboxyhaemoglobin

carbon monoxide binds with haemoglobin

carbon monoxide

formed during incomplete combustion…poisonous gas binding irreversibly with haemobglobin causing asphyxiation

asphyxiation

prevents O2 from getting to tissues

low atmospheric pressure

less association and O2 saturation resulting in decreased O2 transport

adaptation to low atmospheric pressure

more red blood cells produced

sickle cell anaemia

abnormal haemoglobin is less efficient in combining with O2