Exam 1 Mircobiology

Define Mircobiology

Study of organisms to small to see with the naked eye

prokaryotes

No nucleus, non bound organelles, circular DNA, older and less complex

Eukaryotes

Nucleus, membrane bound organelles linear DNA and more complicated

How do you see a virus

electron mircoscope

Imagine of Virus

Virus structure description

Nucleic acid core (RNA or DNA) Covered by a protein called a caspin than covered with a nuclear envelope

Medical Microbiology

studies the effects of
microorganisms on human beings

Public Health Microbiology

understanding how these microorganisms cause diseases in populations, how they spread, and how to control or prevent these diseases.

Epidemiology

track how diseases spread across different populations and regions.

Biotechnology

study of living organisms, cells, or biological systems to develop products or processes for specific applications, often in fields such as medicine, agriculture, environmental science, and industry.

Genetic Engineering

process of altering the genetic material of an organism by directly manipulating its DNA

Industrial Microbiology

using microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast to create commercially valuable products, like food, beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels, on a large scale.

Immunology

Study of ways to prevent microorganisms from harming one’s body

Virologist

Study of viruses

Agricultural Mircobiology

Study between microbes and domesticated plants and animals

How long have microorganisms been on the earth?

3.5 billion years

Food Microbiologists

Study microorganisms relationship with food supply, including such areas
as food spoilage, food-borne diseases, and
production

Viruses

Acellular, parasitic particles
composed of a nucleic acid and protein (caspin)

Mutualism

Both species benefit

Commensalism

One species benefits while the other isn’t affected

Parasitism

One specie benefit at the expense of the other

Is bacteria prokaryote or eukaryote

Prokaryote

Is viruses prokaryote or eukaryote

neither

Is fungi prokaryote or eukaryote

eukaryote

Is Protozoa prokaryote or eukaryote

eukaryote

Is Algae prokaryote or eukaryote

eukaryote

Is Helminths (worms) prokaryote or eukaryote

eukaryote

What is protozoa nickname and why is it called eye

little eye, its because they are small unicellular animals

First plant in the see to make oxygen through photosynethesis

Algae

How does fungi get food

it absorbs nutrients

Photosynthesis

Light fueled conversion of
carbon dioxide to organic material

Decomposition

Breakdown of dead matter
and wastes into simple compounds

Decomposition

Breakdown of dead matter
and wastes into simple compounds

Which of the following does NOT describe a
fungus?
A. Contains a nucleus
B. Has 80S Ribosomes
C. Useful in Decomposition
D. Is photosynthetic

D

Bioremediation

Using living organisms to
remedy an environmental problem

Pathogens

Microbes that do harm
• Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause
diseases

Colony

Visible mass of cells that come from 1 cell

Spontaneous Generatiion

Old belief that living things can come from non-living things

Theory of biogeneis

the idea that living things can only come from other living things

Leeuwenhoek

Created the first microscope and called microorganisms animalcules

smallpox is caused by

mircorgansims goes inside through cuts and causes scars

Who created vaccine for small pox?

Dr. Edward Jennifer

pasteurization

Killing mircorganisms through boiling it (also increases shelf-life)

Endospores

heat-resistance bacteria

Sterility

Kill all life

Aseptic Technique

procedures used to decrease risk of infarctions

Joseph Lister

introduced aseptic techniques
to reduce microbes in medical settings and
prevent wound infections

Germ theory of disease

Diseases are caused by the growth of microorganisms in the body not by sins, or bad character

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

correlated
infections with physicians coming directly from
the autopsy room to the maternity ward

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

observed that
mothers of home births had fewer infections
than those who gave birth in hospitals

Louis Pasteur

Created Germ theory

Louis Pasteur Achievents (4)

Showed microbes caused fermentation and
spoilage
• Disproved spontaneous generation of
microorganisms
• Developed pasteurization
• Demonstrated what is now known as Germ
Theory of Disease

Taxonomy

organizing, classifying, and
naming living things

Classification

orderly arrangement of
organisms into groups

Nomenclature

assigning names

Identification

determining and recording
traits of organisms for placement into
taxonomic schemes

Formal system originated

Carl von Linné

Levels of Classification

Domain - Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya
• Kingdom
• Phylum or Division
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Archaea

anything that lives in very intense climates

Eukarya

plants and animals (have a nucleus and organelles)

Bacteria

Bacteria (causes disease and eat decayed stuff)

Order of classification acrynoum

Domain King Phillip came over from Greece Stoned

Phylogeny

natural relatedness between
groups of organisms

Organisms in the Domain Archaea have more
DNA sequence similarity to:
A. Escherichia coli which is in the Domain
Bacteria
B. Humans which are in the Domain Eukarya
C. Archaea have no DNA sequence similarity to
any other organism

A

Neutrons + Protons =

Autonomic Mass/Weight

Protons =

Electrons

Neutrons =

Autonomic mass - protons

Isotopes

Same element just different neutrons

If two atoms have the same number of protons
and electrons but different numbers of neutrons,
they would be
A. Different elements
B. Isotopes of the same element
C. Ions of the same element
D. Orbitals of the same element

B

Molecule

a chemical substance that results
from the combination of two or more atoms

Compounds

molecules that are
combinations of two or more different
elements

Polar covalent bonds

Unequal Sharing

Ionic Bonds

one or more electrons from
one atom are removed and attached to
another atom, forming positively charged
cations and negatively charged anions

Oxidation

Loss of electrons

Reduction

Gaining Electrons

Exchange reaction

the reactants trade
portions between each other and release
products that are combinations of the two

Hydrophilic

dissolve in water

Hydrophobic

repel water

Amphipathic

have both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic properties

If solution A has a pH of 2 and solution B has a pH
of 4, which of the following is true?
A. Solution A has 2 times more H+ ions than
solution B
B. Solution B has 2 times more H+ ions than
solution A
C. Solution A has 10 times more H+ ions than
solution B
D. Solution B has 10 times more H+ ions than
solution A
E. Solution A has 100 times more H+ ions than
solution B

E

4 Biological Macromolecules

Carbohydrates,
Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids