Biopsych Exam 2

Microtubules

Alzheimer's is thought to be driven by two primary functions. One of them is Tau Proteins getting jumbled and blocking _____, which disrupts nutrient delivery to the neurons.

Habituation

The process by which an organism begins to ignore a stimulus because it is not relevant is known as

Sensitization 

_____ refers to an organism requiring less stimulation to evoke a response.

LHb

What is known as the brake on the entire addiction circuit?

AMPA

LTP is triggered by what receptor's activation?

NMDA

_____ receptors are unique due to requiring BOTH voltage and ligand activation.

CamKII

What enzyme is activated within LTP?

Cocaine

Which drug doesn't actually impact any receptors directly, but instead disrupts reuptake of NTs into the presynaptic neuron?

VTA

What region of the brain is known as the "beginning" of the reward circuit?

False 

D2 receptors activate in response to appetitive stimuli.

True 

An agonist acts like a neurotransmitter, binding to those receptors, and causing a similar effect.

Cannabis

Which of these drugs can you never overdose on by smoking it?

Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is primarily disrupted in schizophrenia?

Achetocholine 

MAOI-based medications impact monoamines. Which of the following is not a monoamine?

Generalization 

this refers to when an organism applies information from one setting to another.

True

tolerance is when your system adapts to a substance, needing more stimulation to evoke a response.

Glutasmate binds tyo AMPA

The first step of LTP is:

Na+ 

After binding to AMPA, what enters the cell?

Glutamate binds to NMDA

The second step of LTP is:

Ca+ and Na+

After binding to NMDA, what enters the cell?

Ca2+ 

What does CaMKII require to function?

False 

There is a magnesium block on AMPA receptors.

VTA

what brain region is most responsible for dopamine production?

NAc

what brain region is most responsible for the act of seeking a drug (motivation)?

PFC

what brain region is most responsible for controlling the urge to seek drugs?

LHb

what brain region is most known for being a general brake on the entire addiction system?

True

d1 receptors are responsible for appetitive information.

False

an antagonist acts like endogenous chemicals, activating the receptors.

GABA

the primary target of alcohol is

Reuptake

the primary function of cocaine is to block

All three: dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

MAOI's primarily impact what NT?

photoreceptors (rods and cones)

Layer one of the retina

horizontal cells

Layer 2 of the retina

glutamate

What do photoreceptors release onto horizontal cells

GABA 

What do horizontal cells release onto bipolar cells

Bipolar cells

Layer 3 of the retina

Glutamate 

What do bipolar cells release onto amacrine cells

amacrine cells 

Layer 4 of the retina 

GABA 

What do amacrine cells release onto retinal ganglion cells 

Appetitive

D1 receptors

Aversive

D2 receptors

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Receptor nicotine targets

C1= Psychoactive 
CB2= Immune system 

Two types of cannabinoid receptors 

blocks reuptake

Cocaine receptors

Serotonin

psychedelic receptors

Blocks serotonin

What receptors do SSRIs affect?

Increase the likelihood of NT (GABA) binding to a receptor 

What receptors do benzodiazepines affect? 

reduce likelihood of NTs to be degraded in the synapse

What receptors do MAOIs affect?

Block D2, noreadrenergic, cholingeric, and histamine 

What receptors do antipsychotics affect? 

Tau proteins, beta amelyoid plaques

Two KNOWN causes for alzeheimers