June Exams Socials (Yuna)

Jacques Cartier

made three voyages, claimed “New France”, successfully established contact for fur trade

Donnaconna

was kidnapped along with two of his sons and 9 other Indigenous people by Jacques Cartier

Samuel de Champlain

Tried to establish Port Royal but failed - became colony of Acadia

Jean Duval

led a conspiracy to assassinate Samuel de Champlain

Pierre Esprit Radisson

trader that co-founded Hudson’s Bay Company along with Medard des Groseilliers

Medard des Groseilliers

trader that co-founded Hudson’s Bay Company along with Pierre Esprit Radisson

Maj-Gen. James Wolfe

Led the British during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, resulting in their victory

Lt-Gen. Louis-Joseph Montcalm

led the French forces in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham

Causes of conflict among the Indigenous people pre-contact

personal prestige, political/territorial gain, economic gain, mourning wars

Vikings arrive

first contact, initially traded, then stopped and left when indigenous were mad because they stopped trading weapons

Cartier’s 1st voyage

claimed Newfoundland, PEI, New Brunswick and the Gaspe Peninsula for France = “New France” + kidnapped two of Donnaconna’s sons to use as guides

Cartier’s 2nd voyage

returned to St. Lawrence and reached Stadacona and Hochelaga + kidnapped 9 Indigenous people and Donnaconna

Cartier’s 3rd voyage

tried to establish a French colony and find the “Kingdom of Saguenay” - failed yet successfully established contact for fur trade

Champlain’s voyage

tried to establish a colony called “Port Royal” in Nova Scotia, some stayed behind and became farmers - became colony of Acadia

Mourning wars

capturing individuals to replace lost loved ones

Doctrine of Discovery

legal + religious concept that was used for centuries to justify Christian colonization of non-Christian lands

New France

French colony that Cartier established

Haudenosaunee Confederacy

Iroquois or Six Nations

Stadacona

Quebec City

Hochelaga

Montreal

Kingdom of Saguenay

a mythical kingdom believed to be located in North America, often associated with the St. Lawrence River and inhabited by Indigenous peoples - Cartier tried to find

colony

establishment under the control of a country, typically overseas, for economic exploitation and settlement.

fur trade

the exchange of animal pelts and goods between Indigenous peoples and European settlers, which was a significant economic activity in North America.

port royal

a French colonial settlement that failed and became Acadia founded by Champlain

acadia

the result of Port Royal that failed

Wendat Confederacy

Huron

filles du roi

French women sent to New France to help populate the colony and marry settlers

hudson bay company

fur trading company founded by Medard des Groseilliers and Pierre Esprit Radisson

King Louis XIV

French king that sent soldiers and filles du roi

King Charles II

British king that claimed the territory of Hudson Bay as “Rupert’s Land” and funded Hudson Bay Co.

Role of the Hudson’s Bay Co.

fur trade

King William’s War/Nine Years’ War

ended with Treaty of Ryswick (tie)

Queen Anne’s War/War of Spanish Succession

ended with the Treaty of Utrecht

King George’s War/War of Austrian Succession

ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

French Indian War/Seven Years’ War

ended with the Treaty of Paris

imperialism

the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

colonialism

the practice of acquiring full or partial control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

seigneurial system

A system of land tenure in New France where land was granted to seigneurs who would then give portions to peasants known as censitaires in exchange for rent and services.

trading posts

Businesses established to facilitate trade, often in colonial territories, where goods are exchanged and stored.

rupert’s land

Hudson Bay area, claimed by King Charles II

mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of government in managing international trade and accumulating wealth by maximizing exports and minimizing imports.

Wabanaki - Acadia

Indigenous peoples of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada, known for their historic territory in the Acadia region.

Mohawk

A Native American tribe from the Iroquois Confederacy, historically located in present-day New York, known for their role in trade and alliances during colonial times.

Louisbourg

given to Spain after Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Utrecht

Britain gained control of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia while France ceded the Hudson Bay territory.

Treaty of Ryswick

no significant change in territory

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

returned Louisbourg to French

Treaty of Paris

Britain acquired Canada from France and Florida from Spain, while France ceded Louisiana to Spain.

Pontiac

former Odawa war chief, led a rebellion

British Commander-In-Chief Amherst

introduced biological warfare

causes of Seven Years’ War

Britain and France were already competing for colonies, trade dominance and military supremacy

French Canada under British rule

were allowed to keep their language, religion and civil laws

Frustrations with the British

end of gift-giving, strict trade relations, expansion of British settlements

Siege of Fort Detroit

may 1763 - hundreds of warriors attempted to capture this fort. led to battle of bloody run. Pontiac was never able to capture this fort although the British retreated

Battle of Bloody Run

after surrounding the fort and laying siege for months, the British attacked Pontiac and his warriors. The British were ultimately fought off and retreated

Battle of Blushy Run

Fort Pitt was under siege by Indigenous and ambushed the British. British used deceptive retreat and Indigenous lost. Amherst introduced biological warfare

Fort Michilimackinac

Deceptive tactic was used by Indigenous using a lacrosse game. A ball rolled in and they pretended to go and get it, gaining access to the inside of the Fort and ambushing the British.

Allan Maclean

a highlander that led the British defense of the Battle of Quebec alongside Guy Carleton

Benedict Arnold

Led the Continental Army in attempt to capture Quebec

General Brock

Fought with Tecumseh during the Capture of Detroit

General Hull

An American general that left behind a letter, expressing his fear of Indigenous fighters and surrendered to the British without a fight.

Guy Carleton

The Governor of Quebec that worked along with Allan Maclean during the Battle of Quebec

John Tutela

An Indigenous warrior that helped to escort Laura Secord to a British commander

Joseph Brant

A member of the Mohawk nation that led Indigenous and Loyalist troops on raids across New York and Pennsylvania

Joseph Barss

A privateer from Nova Scotia that commanded the Liverpool Packet, which captured numerous American ships

Laura Secord

a Loyalist that overheard American soldiers discussing plans and warned the British beforehand

Louis-Joseph Papineau

Leader of the Parti Patriotes, led the Lower Canada rebellion

Richard Montgomery

Led an advance on Montreal and helped lead the Continental Army

Tecumseh

led the Tecumseh Confederacy and worked along with Isaac Brock

Tenskatawa

Helped lead the Tecumseh Confederacy, was also known as “The Prophet”

William Lyon Mackenzie

Journalist, politician, member of the Legislative Assembly, led the Upper Canada rebellion

American Revolution

A conflict between the Thirteen American Colonies and Great Britain from 1775 to 1783, leading to the colonies' independence.

Battle of Chateauguay

battle that included Canadian defenders, led by Charles de Salaberry, using buglers as an illusion to make it appear like more troops were arriving

Battle at Montgomery’s Tavern

a battle in which 800 rebels met at a tavern to seize Toronto and establish a democratic system - failed immediately

Battle of Quebec

where British forces successfully defended the city of Quebec against American invaders

Battle of Tippecanoe

While Tecumseh was away recruiting allies and American forces burned the town in attempt to weaken Tecumseh’s Confederacy

Battle of York

American forces targeted York and British officers ordered Captain Tito Lelievre to destroy munition supply, killing and wounding many American soldiers

Boston Tea Party

A political protest by the Sons of Liberty in which they dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor to oppose the Tea Act.

Capture of Detroit

When Tecumseh and Isaac Brock worked together and used deception by repeatedly marching Indigenous warriors, making the force appear bigger than it actually is. General Hull surrendered Detroit without a fight

Constitutional Act 1791

Legislation that divided Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, establishing separate governments and legislative assemblies.

Quebec Act 1774

made to keep French Canadians loyal to Britain, french civil law, british criminal law, allowed Catholic church to collect tithes, expanded Quebec’s territory to Ohio Valley

Rebellions of 1837

Series of armed uprisings in Upper and Lower Canada against the British colonial government, motivated by a desire for democratic reform and responsible government.

Royal Proclamation 1763

Reserved land west of the Appalachian mountains for Indigenous, only Crown could negotiate treaties with Indigenous

Stamp Act

Taxed colonies on goods and services, “Taxation without representation”

Tea Act

Protected British tea exports

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain, restoring pre-war boundaries and relations, Indigenous allies were forgotten

War of 1812

A military conflict between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815, primarily over maritime rights, trade restrictions, and territorial expansion.

14th colony

Hoped that Quebec would join the Revolution and become ________

Black Loyalists

After American Revolution, 3500 of these moved to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

British North America

The term used to describe the British colonies in North America before Canadian Confederation, including provinces such as Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

Chateau Clique

English-speaking elites in Lower Canada who controlled political and economic power in the 19th century.

Clergy Reserves

1/7 of all land set aside for Anglican Church (Constitutional Act of 1791)

Family Compact

wealthy, influential elites in Upper Canada

impressment

British Royal Navy forcibly removed sailors from American ships and compelled them to serve in British naval forces

land speculation

the practice of purchasing land with the hope that its value will increase over time, often leading to profit.

legislative assembly

a elected body that represents the citizens of a province or territory in Canada, responsible for making laws and decisions on governance.

lower canada

Term for part of Canada that was primarily French-speaking, which included the areas of present-day Quebec

loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution, many of whom migrated to Canada after the war.

martial law

consequence of rebellions of 1837

Mohawk

joseph brant nation