2.1 excipients + safety + preperation

preservatives

prevent microbial growth in multidose vials (benzyl alcohol, not used in neonates)

antioxidants

prevent oxidative degradation, ascorbic acid/ sodium metabisulfite

chelating agents

remove trace metals that catalyse oxidation, EDTA

emulsifying agents

stabilise oil in water emulsions, lecithin

safety considerations in IV therapy

isotonicity

pH adjustment

monitoring for adverse effects

isotonicity

ensure solutions match plasma osmolarity to avoid osmotic damage

pH adjustments

maintain pH between 3-9 to prevent tissue irritation or damage

monitoring for adverse effects

watch for signs of inflammation (thrombophlebitis)/ systemic reactions

suspensions + water in oil emulsions should NEVER be administered intravenously

as they risk embolism formation

preparation of IV medications

aseptic technique

sterilisation

personal protective equipment

inspection

aseptic technique

strict adherence to aseptic techniques is essential

sterilisation

use of sterilised equipment and laminar flow hoods

personal protective equipment PPE

gloves masks + gowns maintain sterility

inspection

check vitals and ampoules for cracks discoloration + precipitates