Anatomy and Physiology Week 1 (CH 1-3)

Gross Anatomy

Involves structures that can be seen without using an eye aid such as a microscope.

Microscopic Anatomy

Divided into cytology (the study of cells) and histology (the study of tissues). Need a microscope to study.

Etymology

Studying where the word came from (root word).

Levels of Organization

Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organismal Level.

Chemical Level

Smallest unit of matter (atom); molecules (2 or more atoms joined together).

Cellular Level

Smallest structural living units.

Tissue Level

Groups of cells; collection of similar cells.

Organ Level

Made up of two or more different types of tissues; has a specific function; examples include stomach, skin, heart, lungs, etc.

Organ System

Example: digestive system.

Organismal Level

Organism; living individual.

Endocrine System

Body-regulatory system whereby chemicals called hormones diffuse through the bloodstream and bind receptors on tissues or organs causing a physiological change.

Nervous System

Responsible for internal and external sensation, the contraction of muscle, and excretion from endocrine and exocrine glands.

Immune System

Works to remove foreign or damaged molecules and cells from the body.

Movement

The change of position by an organism or part of an organism, often in response to stimuli.

Metabolism

Chemical reactions.

Growth

Increase size.

Differentiation

Process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function.

Responsiveness

Change in the internal and external environment.

Regulation

Maintain their internal environment.

Reproduction

Process by which new organisms are generated.

Visceral Layer

Covers the organs within the cavities.

Parietal Layer

Lines the cavity walls.

Heart Rate

60-80 beats per minute (bpm).

Glucose

80-110 mg/dL.

Body Temperature

98.1-98.9 degrees F.

Breathing

15-20 breaths per minute.

Blood Oxygen

95-100%.

Blood Pressure

90/60 - 120/80 mmHg.

Blood pH Level

7.35-7.45.

Protons

Positive charge; in the nucleus; identifies elements + atomic number.

Neutrons

Neutral charge; in the nucleus; creates isotopes.

Electrons

Negative charge; orbits the nucleus.

Isotopes

Same elements with the same number of protons but different amount of neutrons.

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Electrons are shared equally between the atoms; stable.

Polar Covalent Bonds

Electrons are shared unequally; unstable.

Hydrogen Bonds

Involve a hydrogen atom that is already covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen).

Atoms

Smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element.

Elements

substances that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means; 118 fundamental substance

Ions

atoms or molecules

Cations

positively charged ions; loses electrons

Anions

negative charged ions; gains electrons

Reactants

substances that undergoes a chemical reaction to form a product

Products

outcome caused by a chemical reaction from reactants

Enzyme

protein that catalyses a reaction (CATALYST)

Organic Compounds

a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen.

Inorganic Compound

substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen (Examples: NaCl, H2O, CO2)

Cohesion

The tendency of water molecules to stick together due to hydrogen bonds, creating surface tension

Adhesion

The ability of water molecules to adhere to other surfaces, like the inside of a plant vessel

High Specific Heat

Water's capacity to absorb a large amount of heat energy without significantly changing temperature

Evaporation

The process by which water transitions from a liquid to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point

Lower Density as a Solid

Water expands when it freezes, making ice less dense than liquid water, allowing ice to float

Universal Solvent

Water's ability to dissolve a wide range of substances more than any other liquid, due to its polar nature

pH

identifies the amount of hydrogen ions in a substance

Acidic

more hydrogen ions, lower pH, 0-6

Alkaline/Basic

less hydrogen ions, higher pH, 8-14

Basic

pH level of 7, neutral

Buffer

neutralizes pH levels; a solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base that can neutralize small amounts of acids or bases in body fluids.

Monomers

These are the basic units that combine to form polymers. They can be simple atoms or small molecules.

Polymers

These are large molecules composed of repeating monomer units. They can be natural (like proteins or DNA) or synthetic (like plastics).

Carbohydrates

These are a primary source of energy for cells and also serve as structural components. Examples include sugars (like glucose), starches, and cellulose.

Lipids

including fats and phospholipids, are important for energy storage, cell membrane structure, and other functions.

Proteins

involved in a vast array of cellular processes, including acting as enzymes, structural components, and signaling molecules; are made up of amino acids.

Nucleic acids

such as DNA and RNA, store and transmit genetic information. They are composed of nucleotides.

Functional group

a group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds and tends to function in chemical reactions as a single unit.

Monosaccharides

building blocks of carbohydrates. Glucose, fructose, and galactose. (mono- ="one", saccharide = "sugar")

Disaccharides

made by connecting two monosaccharides. Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (found in milk), and maltose.

Polysaccharides

polymers of monosaccharides; hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides. (starches, glycogen, and cellulose)

Triglyceride

most plentiful lipids in the body helps protect, insulate, and provides energy

Phospholipids

lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride. Important plasma membrane component.

Steroids

lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules. 4 rings of carbon atoms. Steroids include sex hormones and cholesterol.

Prostaglandins

prevent stomach ulcers, help with inflammation, dilate airways to lungs, regulate body temperature

Fatty acids

fat soluble vitamins: Vitamins D E K

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

nucleic acid that stores genetic information

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

nucleic acid that helps manifest the genetic code as protein

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

energy carrying molecule found in cells; breakdown of glucose for energy; releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are broken, and thus supplies ready energy to the cell to do work.

Cell

Smallest structural units of living things; compose of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, an nucleus

Three major parts of a cell

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, and nucleus

Plasma membrane

barrier between the internal and external environment of cells; protects the internal portion of cells and regulates movement of substances, in and out of cells; made of phospholipid bilayer, protein, carbohydrates

Selectively permeable

a membrane allows some substances to pass through while blocking others

Concentration gradient

a difference in the concentration of a substance (solute) between two regions

Active transport

requires energy to transport molecules across a membrane

Passive transport

does not require energy to transport molecules across a membrane

Tonicity

how the solution influences the shape of the cell

Hypertonic solution

solute concentration higher than another solution; causes crenation (cell shrinkage) in red blood cells

Hypotonic solution

water molecules tend to diffuse out of a hypotonic solution since it would have a relatively high water concentration and a low solute concentration; causes hemolysis in red blood cells

Isotonic solution

two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes; the cell will not gain or lose water (maintains normal shape)

Cytosol

intracellular fluid; clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water

Organelles

performs a unique function or job

Nucleus

control center of the cell; stores most of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in your cells

Centrosomes

dense areas that contain centrioles; paired cylinders arranged at right angles to each other; center for organizing microtubules in interphase of mitosis

Cilia

numerous, short, hairlike projections; moves material across surface of cell (help keep lungs clean)

Flagella

longer, move an entire cell (located on the Sperm Cell)

Ribosomes

tiny spheres; contain our RNA; can be found freely or clustered with ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum

anatomically are flattened sacs/tubules (called cisterns);

Rough ER: continuous with nuclear membrane; outer surface with ribosomes;

Smooth ER: extends from rough ER; has no ribosomes

Golgi Complex

4-6 stacked membrane sacs (cisterns); function: process, sort, and deliver proteins, lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles

Lysosomes

form in the golgi complex; membrane enclosed vesicles; have powerful enzymes; function: intracellular digestion of worn out organelles (autophagy) and digestion of cellular contents (autolysis)

Peroxisomes

similar to lysosomes; but smaller; have enzymes

Proteasomes

get rid of unneeded, damaged, faulty proteins; the proteases cut the proteins into small peptides

Mitochondria

power house of the cell; site of ATP production; helps with apoptosis (cell death); self-replicating using their own DNA (inherited from the mother)

Mitosis

subdivided into stages: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase