TEAS 7- Science

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

coronal plane

divides body into front and back

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral position

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Anterior

toward the front

Posterior

back of body

Cephalad/Cephalic

(adverbs) head

Cranial

(adjective) skull

Caudad

(adverb) toward the tail or posterior

Caudal

(adjective) hindquarters

Superior

above; toward the head

Inferior

Below; at a lower level

A: right hypochondriac

right kidney, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine

B: Epigastric (epi= on, above)

stomach, liver, adrenal glands, pancreas, spleen, small intestine

C: Left Hypochondriac

left kidney, spleen, pancreas, and colon

D: Right Lumbar

ascending colon, liver, gallbladder

E: Umbilical

small intestine, duodenum, umbilicus

F: Left lumbar

descending colon, left kidney

G: Right iliac

cecum, appendix

H - Hypogastric (hypo=below; gastric=stomach)

bladder, female internal reproductive organs, sigmoid colon

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

duodenum, part of the ascending and transverse colon, hepatic flexure, liver, gallbladder, pancreas (head), right kidney, and right adrenal gland

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

stomach, liver (left lobe), pancreas (body), left kidney, left adrenal gland, splenic flexure, spleen, part of transverse and descending colon

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

left ureter, left fallopian tube, left ovary, part of descending colon, and sigmoid colon

Quadrants

four regions with the umbilicus (navel) at the center, helping to identify positions of organs

ventral cavity

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis; separated by the diaphragm

viscera

internal organs

thoracic cavity

above the diaphragm; contains the lungs and mediastinum, which separates the cavity into a right and left compartments

Mediastinum

area between the lungs containing the heart, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea

abdominoplevic cavity

extends below the diaphragm to the pelvic floor; contains the upper abdominal cavity and lower pelvic cavity (not physically separated)

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, large and small intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

pelvic cavity

contains internal reproductive organs, bladder, and distal part of colon

Cavities are lined with

serous membranes

serous membrane

secretes fluid that separates the parietal layer from the visceral layer

parietal pleura

lines the thoracic cavity

pericardial membrane

surrounds the heart

peritoneal membrane

lines the abdominal cavity

dorsal cavity

contains the brain and spinal cord

cranial cavity

contains the brain, 12 cranial nerves, and pituitary gland

Meninges

comprised of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater; lines the cavity and surround the brain and spinal cord; contains cerebrospinal fluid between the arachnoid mater and pia mater in the subarachnoid space

protects and cushions the dorsal cavity

meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

respiratory system functions

-pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

-gas exchange (external respiration)

-gas conditioning (internal respiration- warm, humidify, and cleanse air)

-sound production

-olfaction (smell)

upper respiratory tract

nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx

nose in nasal cavity

governs sense of smell

Trachea connects _____ and ____ to the_____.

connects pharynx and larynx to the lungs

External nose structures

root, bridge, dorsum nasi, frontal maxillary bones, and septal alar cartilages

internal nose (nasal cavity)

lined with hairs and mucous membrane that act as a filter

internal nose function

warms, moisturizes, and filters air that enters the body before it reaches the lungs

sinus system function

produce mucus to moisturize the inside more and protects us from dirt, dust, etc.

sinus stystem structure

two maxillary sinuses and ethmoid sinus

maxillary sinus

collectively are the largest sinus that can cause some pain; drains into ostium

ethmoid sinus location

between the nose and the eyes

frontal sinus

located above each eye

Pharynx consists of

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

lets you breathe through the nose

oropharynx

connects nose and back of mouth to the esophagus

Hypopharynx

passageway for food

Larynx (voice box) function

-allows air to pass through the respiratory tract

-protects trachea by ensuring food and drink don't block airway

larynx sections

Supraglottis, Glottis, Subglottis

Larynx formation

nine cartilages connected by muscle and ligaments

lower respiratory tract components

trachea, lungs, bronchi, diaphragm

trachea (windpipe)

main airway to the lungs

lungs

pull in O2 and push out CO2

lungs are protected by

sternum, rib cage, and vertebrae

lung connects to

trachea via the left and right bronchi

perfusion

helps fluid pass to an organ or tissue

alveoli produces

surfactant (fluid)

Surfactant

prevent the lungs from collapsing

tidal volume

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

pleura

double-layered membrane surrounding each lung that secretes a fluid that lets the lungs move against the rib cage when we breathe

The right lung has how many lobes?

3 lobes

Left lung has how many lobes?

2 lobes, to make room for the heart

lung lobes function

bring O2 into and remove CO2 from the blood stream

bronchus

one of the two tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea

Bronchi function

help push air to and from the lungs

diaphragm function

primary muscle used in breathing

Diaphragm loaction

below heart and lungs

The diaphragm opening

lets other structures pass between the chest and abdomen

esophageal opening

provides passageway for esophagus and vagus nerve

aortic opening

allows the aorta and thoracic duct to pass through

Aorta

transports blood from the heart and is the body's main artery

thoarcic duct

lymphatic system's main vessel

conducting zone (air)

provides a continuous passageway for incoming and outgoing air to travel

conducting zone structures

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles,

respiratory zone

only involved with O2 and CO2 exchange (gas exchange)

respiratory system

conducting and respiratory zone

respiratory zone structures

bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar ducts

conducting zone (pic)

alveoli

very small air sacs in the site of the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

bronchi

main passageway attached to the lungs

bronchiole

connects bronchi to the alveoli

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs

inhale

diaphragm moves downward, ribs push out and lungs are filled with air

exhale

diaphragm is moved up, ribs relax, and air leaves lungs

hyperventilation

the condition of taking abnormally fast, deep breaths

hypoventilation

decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs; too much CO2 in the blood stream

external respiration

exchange of gases between lungs and blood