photosynthesis and cellular respiration vocan

Krebs cycle

• goal: oxidize pyruvate and make electron carriers

• in cellular respiration

aerobic

with oxygen

Anaerobic

without oxygen

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Connects ETC/proton pumps and the flow of H+ back through ATP Synthase

Alcohol fermentation

pyruvate → ethanol + CO2

-anaerobic

cellular respiration

• Makes ATP

• C6H1206 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

ATP Synthase

• used in ETC

• set up an H+ gradient

• allows the protons (H+) to flow through ATP Synthase

• ADP + Pi →ATP

Substrate level Phosphorylation

Phosphate group on a substrate is transferred to ADP by an enzyme 

Acetyl Coa

2 carbon molecule in Krebs cycle from pyruvate which releases CO2

Redox Reactions

passing of electrons

Lactic Acid Fermentation

pyruvate →lactic acid

anaerobic

oxidation

chemican reaction where a substance loses electrons

Glycolysis

• glucose →pyruvate = occurs in cellular respiration

• ancient pathway

catabolism

the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones, which releases energy

reduction

the process in which a molecule gains electrons

chemiosmosis

the “flow”

• diffusion of ions across a membrane

• build up of proton gradient so H+ could flow through ATP synthase to build ATP

NAD+/NADH

acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration

Proton motive force

the gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix

Represents energy (it has a force)

Proton Gradient

more protons in one area than another

Photosynthesis

life from light and air

Non-Cyclical photo-phosphorylation

main light reaction

-water splits and oxygen is released

start with light and end with NADPH

autotrophs

produce their own energyy

-convert energy of sunlight

-build organic molecules from co2

cyclic electron flow

The cyclic movement of electrons through the electron transport chain components

-thylakoid membrane

chemiosmosis

heterotrophs

get their energy from “eating others”

-make energy through respiration

-eat food=other animals=organic molecules

cyclic phosphorylation

process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where electrons from photosystem are recycled, producing only ATP without the formation of NADPH or oxygen

chlorophyll

a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.

absorption spectrum

plants ability to absorb certain lights

mesophyll cells

cells where photosynthesis occurs

chlorophyll a

pigment of plant

-absorbs best in red and blue wavelengths 

-worst in green

Rubisco

enzyme which fixes carbon from air

-most important enzyme in the world

most abundant enzyme

stomata

tiny pores or openings found on the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other plant organs that regulate gas exchange and water loss with the environment

action spectrum

shows how effective different wavelengths of light are at driving a biological process —most commonly photosynthesis

C3 plants

C3 plants are the most common type of plant that use a specific photosynthetic pathway in which the initial product of carbon fixation is a three-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA)

Stroma

area in the chloroplast

-calvin cycle happens here

Chlorophyll b

accessory pigment

Photorespiration

breaking down sugars

o2 levels too high →rubisco stars breaking down sugars and we don't gain ATP

light reactions

-light-dependent reactions

-convert solar energy to ATP NADPH

occurs in thylakoid membrane

accessory pigments

-w/ different structures- absorb light of different wave lengths

C4 Plants

plants that PHYSICALLY separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle

“bonus step”

Calvin Cycle

Carbon dioxide to glucose

Goal: low energy to high energy

Location: in the stroma of chloroplast

bundle-sheath cells

• IN C4 CELLS

• a layer of specialized plant cells that form a tightly packed sheath around the vascular bundles (veins) in leaves

NADP+/NADPH

coenzymes that act as electron carriers

Reaction center Chlorophyll

chlorophyll molecule (usually a pair) within a photosystem that plays a critical role in converting absorbed light energy into chemical energy by initiating the electron transport chain in photosynthesis

photo-phosphorylation

light making ATP

the process during photosynthesis where light energy is used to convert ADP into ATP

occurs in thylakoid membrane

carbon fixation

process by which inorganic carbon, primarily in the form of CO2, is converted into organic compounds

calvin cycle-rubisco

PEP carboxylase

an essential enzyme in the C4 and CAM photosynthetic pathways that functions to efficiently capture carbon dioxide and minimize photorespiration

photosystem I

capturing co2 

pep carboxylase

initiates the light-dependent reactions by capturing light energy to energize electrons and catalyze the splitting of water. This process generates the oxygen we breathe and feeds electrons into the electron transport chain, which creates a proton gradient used to power ATP synthesis

Photosystem II

bundle sheath cell

RuBisCo and Calvin cycle

accepts the lower-energy electrons coming from PSII via the electron transport chain and re-energizes them using light. These high-energy electrons are then used to reduce NADP\({}^{+}\) to NADPH, the final electron carrier needed for the Calvin cycle to produce carbohydrates.

CAM plants

Separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle by TIME

opens stomates at night “fill the cans”

release co2 to Calvin cycle “open cans” in morning

Thylakoid membrane 

membrane inside chloroplast (where E.T.C takes place)